• 제목/요약/키워드: Hysteresis loss

검색결과 213건 처리시간 0.022초

Effect of Molecular Weight of Epoxidized Liquid Isoprene Rubber as a Processing aid on the Vulcanizate Structure of Silica Filled NR Compounds

  • Ryu, Gyeongchan;Kim, Donghyuk;Song, Sanghoon;Hwang, Kiwon;Kim, Wonho
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제56권4호
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    • pp.223-233
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    • 2021
  • In this study, epoxidized liquid isoprene rubber (E-LqIR) was used as a processing aid in a silica-filled natural rubber compound to improve the fuel efficiency, abrasion resistance, and oil migration problems of truck and bus radial tire tread. The wear resistance, fuel efficiency, and extraction resistance of the compound were evaluated according to the molecular weight of E-LqIR. Results of the evaluation showed that the E-LqIR compound had a lower chemical crosslink density than that of a treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil compound because of the sulfur consumption of E-LqIR. However, the filler-rubber interaction improved because of the reaction of E-LqIR with silica and crosslink with the base rubber by sulfur. As the molecular weight of E-LqIR increased, crosslink with sulfur was facilitated, and the filler-rubber interaction improved, resulting in improved abrasion resistance. The fuel efficiency performance of the E-LqIR compound was poorer than that of the TDAE oil compound because of the low chemical crosslink density and hysteresis loss at the free chain end of E-LqIR. However, the fuel efficiency performance improved as the molecular weight of E-LqIR increased.

PLZT(10/y/z) 박막에서 Zr/Ti 농도에 따른 피로와 리텐션 특성 (Fatigue and Retention Characteristics of PLZT(10/y/z) Thin films with Various Zr/Ti Concentrations Ratio)

  • 정양희;강성준
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.609-615
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    • 2005
  • Sol-gel 법을 이용하여 La를 $10mo1\%$로 고정시킨 PLZT(10/y/z) 박막을 제작하여 Zr/Ti 조성비에 따른 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. Zr/Ti 조성비에서 Ti 함유량이 증가함에 따라, 10kHz에서 비유전률은 550에서 400으로 감소된 반면, 유전손실은 0.028에서 0.053로 증가되었으며, 170kV/cm에서 누설전류밀도는 $1.64\times10^{-6}$에서 $1.26\times10^{-7}\;A/cm^2$으로 감소되었다. PLZT 박막의 이력곡선을 $\pm170kV/cm$에서 측정한 결과, Zr/Ti 조성비가 40/60에서 0/100로 변화함에 따라 PLZT 박막의 잔류분극과 항전계는 6.62에서 $12.86{\mu}C/cm^2$, 32.15에서 56.45kV/cm로 각각 증가되었다. $\pm5V$의 사각펄스를 $10^9$회 인가하여 피로특성을 측정한 결과, PLZT(10/40/60) 박막의 잔류분극은 초기분극 값으로부터 $50\%$ 감소된 반면, PLZT(10/0/100) 박막은 $28\%$ 감소되었다. 또, $10^5$초의 retention 측정 결과에서 PLZT(10/0/100) 박막은 초기분극 값에서 오직 $10\%$만이 감소된 반면, PLZT(10/40/60) 박막은 $40\%$ 감소되었다.

La 농도에 따른 PLZT(x/30/70) 박막의 피로 특성에 관한 연구 (Fatigue Characteristics of PLZT(x/30/70) Thin Films with Various La Concentrations)

  • 강성준;정윤근;정양희
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제9권5호
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    • pp.1066-1072
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    • 2005
  • 비휘발성 메모리 소자로의 응용의 관점에서, sol-gel 방법으로 PLZT(x/30/70) 박막을 제작하여 La 농도에 따른 구조적 및 전기적 특성을 조사하였다 La 농도가 0 에서 $10mol\%$ 로 증가함에 따라, PLZT 박막의 유전상수는 450 에서 600 으로 증가된 반면, 유전손실과 100kV/cm에서 측정한 누설전류밀도는 각각 0.075 에서 0.025 로 $5.83{\times}10^{-7}$에서 $1.38{\times}10^{-7}A/cm^2$ 으로 감소되었다. 175kV/cm 에서 측정한 PLZT 박막의 이력곡선을 측정한 결과, La 농도가 0 에서 $10mol\%$ 로 증가함에 따라 박막의 잔류분극과 항전계는 각각 20.8에서 $10.5{\mu}C/cm^2,$ 54.48 에서 32.12kV/cm 로 감소되었다. PLZT 박막에 ${\pm}5V$ 의 사각펄스를 $10^9$ 회 인가하여 피로특성을 측정한 결과, La 농도가 증가함에 따라 초기 분극값의 감소가 64 에서 $40\%$ 로 개선됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

Floating Zone Technique법으로 질소분위기 하에서 성장한 BaZr0.08Ti0.92O3 다결정의 Tunability 및 열처리 효과 (Annealing Effect and Tunability of BaZr0.08Ti0.92O3 Polycrystal Grown in N2 Gas Atmosphere by Floating Zone Technique)

  • 황호병
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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    • 제17권11호
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    • pp.1178-1185
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    • 2004
  • In the atmosphere of $N_2$ gas, BaZ $r_{0.08}$ $Ti_{0.92}$ $O_3$ polycrystal was grown by floating zone technique using BaZ $r_{0.08}$ $Ti_{0.92}$ $O_3$ ceramics as a feed and SrTi $O_3$(1l0) single cystal as a seed. The dielectric constant and loss at 10 kHz, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz for the as-grown sample were measured as a function of temperature in the temperature range between -10$0^{\circ}C$ and 150 $^{\circ}C$ to find a dielectric peak with frequency dispersion at Curie point. The hysteresis loop showed that the grown sample had very small polarization which was 0-0.01 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for the applied dc-electric fields from -7 kV/cm to +7 kV/cm. However, the normal hysteresis loop was appeared after oxygen annealing. The electric-field dependence of the dielectric constant for both the as-grown and the post-annealed samples was studied by measuring the dielectric constants as a function of the biased-electric fields and their tunability was figured out from it at room temperature(27 $^{\circ}C$) and cryotemperature( -73$^{\circ}C$). Tunability for the as-grown sample was 51 % and the figure of merit 20.4 at 10kHz with the biased electric-field of 12 kV/cm. The tunability for the grown sample may be increased up to 80 % if the electric field of 25 kV/cm is applied. Tunability for the post-annealed sample was 41 % and the figure of merit 10.3 at 10 kHz with the biased electric-field of 12 kV /cm. Post-annealing improved the crystallinity of the as-grown sample but decreased its tunability.ability.

풍하중을 고려한 확률론적 운동특성 평가기법 개발에 관한 연구 (Development of a Probabilistic Approach to Predict Motion Characteristics of a Ship under Wind Loads)

  • 이상의
    • 한국항해항만학회지
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    • 제47권6호
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    • pp.315-323
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    • 2023
  • 지난 10년간, 복원력 상실로 인한 어선의 해양 사고는 지속해 증가하고 있다. 특히, 소형선박 사고의 대부분은 갑작스러운 바람이 주요 원인으로 지목되었다. 바람에 의한 소형선박의 갑작스러운 사고를 예방하기 위해서는 체계적인 분석기법 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 확률론적 극값 추정법을 기반으로 선박의 운동성능에 바람이 미치는 영향을 평가하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 운동 해석, 극값 추출, 운동 특성 분석 등의 연구를 수행하였다. 운동 해석은 Sea State 5의 파랑에서 파도, 파도와 균일 바람, 파도와 NPD풍속 모델 바람이 작용하는 3가지 조건을 적용하였다. 극값 추출은 Hysteresis 필터링 및 Peak-Valley 필터링 기법을 적용하였다. 추출된 극값을 이용하여 적합도 시험(Goodness of Fit Test)을 4가지 분포함수에 대해 수행하여 극값을 가장 잘 표현하는 최적의 분포함수를 선정하였다. 어선의 운동 특성은 3가지 주기 운동에 대하여 (Heave, Roll, Pitch)에 평가 후, 결과를 비교하였다. 선박의 운동성능 해석은 상용 솔버인 ANSYS-AQWA를 이용하였다.

Sol-Gel Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Optical Properties in ZnCo2O3 Oxide

  • Das, Bidhu Bhusan;Barman, Bittesh
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제63권6호
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    • pp.453-458
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    • 2019
  • Synthesis of ZnCo2O3 oxide is performed by sol-gel method via nitrate-citrate route. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) study shows monoclinic unit cell having lattice parameters: a = 5.721(1) Å, b = 8.073(2) Å, c = 5.670(1) Å, β = 93.221(8)°, space group P2/m and Z = 4. Average crystallite sizes determined by Scherrer equation are the range ~14-32 nm, whereas SEM micrographs show nano-micro meter size particles formed in ZnCo2O3. Endothermic peak at ~798 K in the Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) trace without weight loss could be due to structural transformation and the endothermic peak ~1143 K with weight loss is due to reversible loss of O2 in air atmosphere. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis profile shows the presence of elements Zn, Co and O which indicates the purity of the sample. Magnetic measurements in the range of +12 kOe to -12 kOe at 10 K, 77 K, 120 K and at 300 K by PPMS-II Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) shows hysteresis loops having very low values of the coercivity and retentivity which indicates the weakly ferromagnetic nature of the oxide. Observed X-band EPR isotropic lineshapes at 300 K and 77 K show positive g-shift at giso ~2.230 and giso ~2.217, respectively which is in agreement with the presence of paramagnetic site Co2+(3d7) in the oxide. DC conductivity value of 2.875 ×10-8 S/cm indicates very weakly semiconducting nature of ZnCo2O3 at 300 K. DRS absorption bands ~357 nm, ~572 nm, ~619 nm and ~654 nm are due to the d-d transitions 4T1g(4F)→2Eg(2G), 4T1g(4F)→4T1g(4P), 4T1g(4F)→4A2g(4F), 4T1g(4F)→4T2g(4F), respectively in octahedral ligand field around Co2+ ions. Direct band gap energy, Eg~ 1.5 eV in the oxide is obtained by extrapolating the linear part of the Tauc plot to the energy axis indicates fairly strong semiconducting nature of ZnCo2O3.

$Ni_{0.5}-Zn_{0.4}-X_{0.1}{\cdot}Fe_2O_4$(X=Cu, Mg, Mn)-Rubber Composite의 전파흡수특성에 관한 연구 (Electromagetic Wave Absorbing Properties of $Ni_{0.5}-Zn_{0.4}-X_{0.1}{\cdot}Fe_2O_4$(X=Cu, Mg, Mn)-Rubber Composite)

  • 임희대;윤국태;이찬규
    • 한국재료학회지
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    • 제9권12호
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    • pp.1234-1239
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    • 1999
  • $Ni_{0.5}-Zn_{0.4}-X_{0.1}{\cdot}Fe_2O_4$의 조성에서 X를 각각 Cu, Mg, Mn으로 치환시켜 치환원소에 따른 결정구조와 형상, 입도 및 자기적 성질을 비교 분석하여고, Network Analyzer을 이용하여 $Ni_{0.5}-Zn_{0.4}-X_{0.1}{\cdot}Fe_2O_4$-Rubber Composite의 재료정수 및 전파흡수특성에 대하여 비교 조사하였다. 치환원소에 관계없이 동일한 결정구조와 형상 및 입도를 나타냈고, VSM 분석결과 치환원소에 관계없이 동일한 자화값을 가지며, Mg로 치환된 경우 가장 큰 보자력과 자기이력손실을 나타냈다. 또한 Mn으로 치환된 경우 가장 높은 유전손실(${\varepsilon}_r"/{\varepsilon}_r'$)을, Cu로 치환된 경우에는 가장 큰 자기손실(${\mu}_r"/{\mu}_r'$)을 나타냈다. 4mm의 두께로 제조한 Compos-Composite에서는 Mg로 치환된 시료가 2GHz에서 -40dB이상의 가장 우수한 전파흡수특성을 나타내었다.

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Comparision of the Properties of UV-cured Polyurethane Acrylates Containing Different Diisocyanates and Low Molecular Weight Diols

  • Yoo, Hye-Jin;Lee, Young-Hee;Kwon, Ji-Yun;Kim, Han-Do
    • Fibers and Polymers
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    • 제2권3호
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    • pp.122-128
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    • 2001
  • UV-curable polyurethane acrylate prepolymers were prepared from diisocyanates [isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), or 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H$_{12}$MDI)], diols [ethylene glycol (EG), 1,4-butane diol (BD), or 1,6-hexane diol (HD)], polypropylene glycol as a polyol. UY-curable mixtures were formulated from the prepolymer (90 wt%), reactive diluent monomer trimethylol propane triacrylate (10 wt%). and photoinitiator 1-hydroxycy-clohexyl ketone (3 wt% based on prepolymer/diluent). The effects of different diisocyanates/low molecular weigh dial on the dynamic mechanical thermal properties and elastic recovery of UV-cured polyurethane acrylate films were examined. The tensile storage modulus increased a little in the order of EG > BD > HD at the same diisocyanate. Two loss modulus peaks for all samples are observed owing to the glads transition of softs segments ($T_gh$) and the glass transition temperature of hard segments ($T_gh$). For the same diisocyanate, $T_gh$, decreased, however, $T_gh$ increased, in the order of HD > BD > EG. The elastic recovery also increased in the order of HD > BD > EG at the same diisocyanate. In case of same diols, $T_gh$ increased in the order of $H_12$MDl > TDI > IPDI significantly. The ultimate elongation and elastic recovery increased in the order of TDI > IPDI > $H_12$MDl at the same diol.l.

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3차 재결정에 의한 극박 방향성 규소강판의 결정립 크기와 자벽수와의 관계 (Relation of Grain Size with Magnetic Domain Wall for Tertiary Recrystallized 3% Si-Fe Strip)

  • 김영학
    • 한국자기학회지
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.165-169
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    • 1996
  • 극박 방향성 규소강판의 철손을 저감시킬 목적으로 열처리방법을 이용하여 결정 크기의 제어에 의해 자구폭을 변화시켰으며 결정립의 크기와 직류 자기특성, 철손, 자구폭과의 관계에 대해 검토하였다. 결정립 크기가 1 mm 이하로 작게되어도, $B_{8}$는 1.96 T 이상의 높은 값을 나타내었고 항자력 $H_{c}$는 결정립 크기의 감소에 따라 증가하였다. 결정립 크기가 1 mm 이하의 범위에서 결정립 크기를 감소시킴에 의해 자벽수가 증가하였으며 여자주파수가 높게 됨에 따라 증가하는 자벽수도 결정립 크기가 작을수록 많아지고 자구 세분화에 효과적이었다. 결정립 크기의 감소는 자구 세분화에 의해 와전류 손실을 저감시키지만 히스테리시스 손실이 지배적으로 낮은 여자주파수의 철손은 결정립 크기가 작은 시료일수록 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그러나 높은 주파수 영역의 철손은 와전류손실이 지배적이기 때문에 결정립 크기가 작은 시료일수록 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 이 결과로부터 결정립크기를 제어함에 의해 자구폭을 변화시킬수 있으며 극박방향성 규소강판의 저 손실화에 매우 유리한 수법인 것을 알았다.

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온도 의존성 가변 저항 발열체로 표면 처리된 금속 분리판 제조 및 평가 (Synthesis and Evaluation of Variable Temperature-Electrical Resistance Materials Coated on Metallic Bipolar Plates)

  • 정혜미;노정훈;임세준;이종현;안병기;엄석기
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.73.1-73.1
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    • 2010
  • For the successful cold starting of a fuel cell engine, either internal of external heat supply must be made to overcome the formation of ice from water below the freezing point of water. In the present study, switchable vanadium oxide compounds as variable temperature-electrical resistance materials onto the surface of flat metallic bipolar plates have been prepared by a dip-coating technique via an aqueous sol-gel method. Subsequently, the chemical composition and micro-structure of the polycrystalline solid thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. In addition, it was carefully measured electrical resistance hysteresis loop over a temperature range from $-20^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$ using the four-point probe method. The experimental results revealed that the thin films was mainly composed of Karelianite $V_2O_3$ which acts as negative temperature coefficient materials. Also, it was found that thermal dissipation rate of the vanadium oxide thin films partially satisfy about 50% saving of the substantial amount of energy required for ice melting at $-20^{\circ}C$. Moreover, electrical resistances of the vanadium-based materials converge on an extremely small value similar to that of pure flat metallic bipolar plates at higher temperature, i.e. $T{\geq}40^{\circ}C$. As a consequence, experimental studies proved that it is possible to apply the variable temperature-electrical resistance material based on vanadium oxides for the cold starting enhancement of a fuel cell vehicle and minimize parasitic power loss and eliminate any necessity for external equipment for heat supply in freezing conditions.

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