• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2024

Using the freezing removal method, we investigated residual pesticides in 50 grape seed oils distributed in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The fat was mixed with acetonitrile and then frozen at ≤-20℃ for 24 h. Fats and oils were removed by separating those in solid state and the extract acetonitrile in liquid state. Ten residual pesticides were detected 161 times in 49 of 50 cases. The detected pesticides were boscalid, cyclufenamide, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fluxapyroxad, fenpyrazamine, kresoxim-methyl, piperonyl butoxide, tebuconazole, and trifluoxysorbin. Boscalid, a fungicide, was most frequently detected (44 times), followed by fluxapiroxad (35 times). The detection range was 0.01-1.10 mg/kg, which was within the legal limit of residual pesticide for grapes. The recovery rate of the detected pesticides was 72.6-129.8% and the ratio of estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake was calculated to determine the risk of the detected pesticides, which was <0.0028%. This indicated that the risk caused by pesticide residues in grape seed oil is at a safe level.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2020

This study analyzed the content of eight biogenic amines (BAs), including histamine, in 198 fishery products (121 school-meal products and 77 distributed products) in Korea in 2019. Changes in BA content according to time, temperature, and salt treatment in Japanese Spanish mackerel, chub mackerel, and salmon were also observed. The average histamine content of 198 fishery products was 0.4±2.3 mg/kg, and all were within histamine criteria (200 mg/kg or less). As a result, the margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated to evaluate the risk of fishery products, and school-meal fishery products were evaluated as safe with a MOE of 1 or more. At 30℃, the histamine content of the fish increased rapidly to 144 mg/kg (Japanese Spanish mackerel, 36 h), and 308 mg/kg (chub mackerel, 24 h). When the Japanese Spanish mackerel, chub mackerel, and salmon were stored at 4℃, histamine was not detected for 3 days, and it was not detected for 14 days at -20℃. The BA content (histamines, etc.) of salt-treated Japanese Spanish mackerel and chub mackerel was lower than that of fish not treated with salt.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate pesticide residues in 160 stalk and stem vegetables marketed in Northern Gyeonggi-do. The QuEChERS method using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the residues of 341 pesticides in the samples. The maximum or lower than the residue limit was recorded in 75 samples (46.9%), while 4 samples (2.5%) exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL). Thirty-nine kinds of residual pesticides were detected including fungicides (14), insecticides (22), herbicides (2), and plant growth regulator (1). Carbendazim and pendimethalin were the most frequelntly detected pesticides. Fenitrothion, procymidone, and diazinon exceeded MRL in garlic chives, and Welsh onion. This indicated that these vegetables along with water celery should be constantly monitored.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.392-399
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• 2021

This study was conducted to research the status of pesticide residues in a total of 114 herbs and spices obtained from January to October 2020. 341 pesticide residues were analyzed by the multi class pesticide multiresidue methods using GC-MSMS, GC-ECD, GC-NPD, LC-MSMS, LC-PDA, and LC-CAS. As a result of analysis, 36 pesticide residues were found, and detection rate was 31.6%. Of them, seven samples were detected over Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and the unsuitable level in pesticide was 6.1%. The herbs and spices exceeding MRLs include coriander (2 times), mint (2 times), basil (once), rosemary (once), and boraye (once). According to an analysis of 341 pesticide residues, 22 pesticides were detected 52 times and 8 pesticides were found to exceed the MRLs. The pesticides exceeding MRLs were ingredients such as etofenprox, flufenoxuron, fluquinconazole, iprodione, lufenuron, paclobutrazol, phenthoate, and spiromesifen.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.112-122
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• 2023

We assessed the pesticide residues in the medicinal agricultural products distributed in Korea. Pesticide residues in 72 samples were analyzed using the QuECheRS method for 339 pesticides, using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The pesticide residues were below the maximum residues limit (MRL) in 42 samples (58.3%); however, they exceeded the MRL in 5 samples (6.9%). These included 43 types of pesticides; 20 fungicides and 23 insecticides were detected 75 times and 58 times, respectively. Tebuconazole and carbendazim were the most detected fungicides, each 11 times. The levels of acetamiprid, cadusafos, chlorpyrifos, flubendiamide, fluopyram, and triazophos exceeded the MRL in Gogi berry, Omija, and Reishi mushroom. All of them were positive list system (PLS) items that lacked pesticide residue standards. Therefore, authorities should monitor the distributed medicinal agricultural products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2015

Eight minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) were determined in Schizandra chinensis fruits and their infusions in Seoul. The average mineral contents per Schizandra chinensis fruits (100 g) were K (966.08 mg), Mg (87.20 mg), Ca (15.19 mg), Mn (6.19 mg), Fe (3.99 mg), Zn (2.78 mg), Na (2.15 mg) and Cu (0.31 mg) respectively by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer. The quantity of K and Zn were found significantly higher in Korean fruits than the Chinese fruits (p < 0.05). The other 6 minerals did not reveal remarkable difference. In the case of processed Schizandra chinensis tea, it had K (217 mg), Mg (20.40 mg), Ca (7.16 mg), Na (2.95 mg), Mn (1.34 mg), Fe (0.95 mg), Zn (0.25 mg) and Cu (0.09 mg) per 100 g respectively. In extraction of Schizandra chinensis fruits, as it took a longer extraction time, and in a powder form rather than a raw form, it had a higher contents of minerals. When a powder type of Schizandra chinensis fruits was extracted for 24 hours at $25^{\circ}C$, the transfer rate appeared with Ca (36.27%), Mn (25.44%), K (22.43%), Zn (21.00%), Na (19.91%), Mg (19.55%) Cu (13.78%) and Fe (6.45%) respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2017

A simultaneous determination of 5 phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, pcoumaric acid, trans ferulic acid) and 9 flavonoids (procyanidin b1, aspalathin, rutin, vitexin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin, quercetin, chrysoeriol) in rooibos tea has been carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A validated analysis method in this study was applied to rooibos aqueous infusions. Rooibos tea is an antioxidant-rich tea which has anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic effect. Extraction yield of phenolics depends on steeping time and temperature of water. Tea infusions were prepared by placing 1 g of tea leaves or 1 tea bag in 100 mL of boiled water, and then at 3, 6 and 30 minutes intervals the infused teas were taken to carry out the analysis of phenolic contents. Another tea infusion was conducted with cold water ($25-30^{\circ}C$) for 30 minuntes. As a result, the total amount of phenolics was highest in rooibos tea steeped with hot water for 30 minutes, followed by 6 minutes, 3 minutes and cold water 30minutes and the result has statistical significance.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.89-98
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• 2023

Currently, no guidelines exist regarding the maximum residues of pesticides in edible oil which is a processed food commonly consumed in Korea. This lack of guidelines hinders the evaluation of the safety of edible oil in terms of pesticide contamination. In this study, an analysis method based on heat distillation and GC-MS/MS was established by optimizing the extraction and purification procedure for 68 pesticides. Important variables in the thermal distillation procedure included heating temperature and time, and we found the nitrogen flow rate as a mobile phase and the type of dissolving solvent were not considerably affected. The determination coefficient (R²) of the residual pesticide was 0.99 or higher, and the quantitative limit (LOQ) was 0.01-0.02 mg/L. The average recovery rate (n=5) was 66.1-120.0% and the relative standard deviation was lower than ±10% when 68 pesticides were spiked at concentrations of 0.01-0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/L. In addition, the within-laboratory precision was less than ±11%, meeting the Korea Food and Drug Safety Evaluation Institute's Guidelines on Standard Procedures for Preparing Food Testing Methods (2016). Therefore, the test method developed in this study can be used as a test method for managing the safety of the residual pesticide concentration in edible oil.

• Safe Food
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2010

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.393-399
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• 2010

We analyzed the HACCP prerequisite of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS) and the Food Establishment Inspection Report of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to recommend contents and ranges to be complemented and used for preparation of guidelines for more effective application of HACCP prerequisites. We used the HACCP inspection reports implemented by Korea Livestock Products HACCP Accreditation Service from 2007 to 2009, FDA Food Code 2009 Guide 3-B Instructions for Marking the Food Establishment Inspection Report, and Retail Food Establishment Sanitation Requirements of 410 Indiana Administrative Code. Major non-compliance items were open doors and windows, insanitary cleaning of in-use utensil, inadequate record of warehousing, and improper storage, transportation, and labelling. Hot water supply, personal hygiene, and regular product testing were additional week points which should be more strongly controlled by detailed operating guidelines. Also, current prerequisite items were required revision into more precise contents to enhanced the effective evaluation and practical application in meat markets.