• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2018

Objective: Gelidium amansii (Lamouroux) is a red alga belonging to the family Gelidaceae and is commonly found in the shallow coasts of many East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan. G. amansii has traditionally been utilized as an edible alga, and has various biological activities. The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation of G. amansii could be useful for improving ruminal fermentation. Methods: As assessed by in vitro fermentation parameters such as pH, total gas, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, gas profile (methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ammonia), and microbial growth rate was compared to a basal diet with timothy hay. Cannulated Holstein cows were used as rumen fluid donors and 15 mL rumen fluid: buffer (1:2) was incubated for up to 72 h with four treatments with three replicates. The treatments were: control (timothy only), basal diet with 1% G. amansii extract, basal diet with 3% G. amansii extract, and basal diet with 5% G. amansii extract. Results: Overall, the results of our study indicate that G. amansii supplementation is potentially useful for improving ruminant growth performance, via increased total gas and VFA production, but does come with some undesirable effects, such as increasing pH, ammonia concentration, and methane production. In particular, real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that the methanogenic archaea and Fibrobacter succinogenes populations were significantly reduced, while the Ruminococcus flavefaciens populations were significantly increased at 24 h, when supplemented with G. amansii extracts as compared with controls. Conclusion: More research is required to elucidate what G. amansii supplementation can do to improve growth performance, and its effect on methane production in ruminants.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.155-166
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• 1991

Paraquat 독성작용에 있어서 mitochondria의 잠재적인 역할을 평가하기 위하여, 이 약물의 산소 radical 생성과 지질과산화 반응에 미치는 영향을 mouse간의 submitochondrial particle 과 microsome에서 비교하여 보았다. Submitochondrial particle 사용시 NADH를, microsome 사용시 NADPH를 전자공여체로 이용한 경우 paraquat는 두 분획에서 superoxide anion과 hydrogen peroxide의 생성을 증가시켰다. 동일한 조건하에서 paraquat는 hydroxyl radical의 생성을 시사하는 methional로 부터 ethylene의 생성을 증가시켰다. 그러나, paraquat에 의한 이들 각각의 효과는 microsome에서 보다 submitochondrial particle에서 약간 낮았다. 한편, 두 분획 모두에서 paraquat는 지질과산화 반응을 촉진시켰다. Submitochondrial particle과 microsome에서의 Paraquat에 의한 지질과산화반응은 i) 두 분회에서 지질과산화는 SOD에 의해서 부분적으로 억제됨을 보였고, DETAPAC(iron chelator)에 의해서는 완전히 억제되었고, catalase와 hydroxyl radical scavenger에 의해서는 억제되지 아니하였으며, ii) 반응내 $ADP-Fe^{3+}$ 첨가로 paraquat에 의한 지질과산화는 더욱 증가되었지만 methional로 부터 ethylene 생성은 감소하여 hydroxyl radical 생성과 지질과산화 사이에는 상관성이 없음으로 보아 같은 기전을 통해 촉진됨을 알 수 있었고 이러한 촉진작용은 perferryl ion을 통하여 일어나리라 추측되었다. Submitochondrial particle에서 paraquat에 의해 촉진된 산소라디칼 생성과 지질과산화 반응은 p-hydroxymercuribenzoate(NADH dehydrogenase 억제제)에 의하여 억제되었으나 다른 respiratory chain 차단제들에 의해서는 거의 영향을 받지 않음으로 보아 mitochondria에서의 paraquat의 redox-cycling은 CoQ 보다는 NADH dehyrogenase와 관련이 있음을 시사하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 산소 radical의 생성과 지질과산화를 유도하는 paraquat의 redox-cycling은 microsome에서와 마찬가지로 mitochondria에서도 일어나며, 이결과 생체내에서의 paraquat의 독작용에 관여함을 짐작할 수 있다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.291-302
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• 2020

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate whether phelligridin D could reduce glucose-induced oxidative stress, attenuate the resulting inflammatory response, and restore the function of human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs). Methods: Primary HPDLCs were isolated from healthy human teeth and cultured. To investigate the effect of phelligridin D on glucose-induced oxidative stress, HPDLCs were treated with phelligridin D, various concentrations of glucose, and glucose oxidase. Glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory molecules, osteoblast differentiation, and mineralization of the HPDLCs were measured by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) generation, cellular viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and western blot analyses. Results: Glucose-induced oxidative stress led to increased production of H₂O₂, with negative impacts on cellular viability, ALP activity, and calcium deposition in HPDLCs. Furthermore, HPDLCs under glucose-induced oxidative stress showed induction of inflammatory molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1-beta) and disturbances of osteogenic differentiation (bone morphogenetic protein-2, and -7, runt-related transcription factor-2), cementogenesis (cementum protein-1), and autophagy-related molecules (autophagy related 5, light chain 3 I/II, beclin-1). Phelligridin D restored all these molecules and maintained the function of HPDLCs even under glucose-induced oxidative stress. Conclusions: This study suggests that phelligridin D reduces the inflammation that results from glucose-induced oxidative stress and restores the function of HPDLCs (e.g., osteoblast differentiation) by upregulating autophagy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.818-823
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• 2012

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an important cool season forage plant that is not well suited to extreme heat, salts, or heavy metals. To develop transgenic tall fescue plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress, we introduced an alfalfa Hsp23 gene expression vector construct through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Integration and expression of the transgene were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, northern blot, and western blot analyses. Under normal growth conditions, there was no significant difference in the growth of the transgenic plants and the non-transgenic controls. However, when exposed to various stresses such as salt or arsenic, transgenic plants showed a significantly lower accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than control plants. The reduced accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances indicates that the transgenic plants possessed a more efficient reactive oxygen species-scavenging system. We speculate that the high levels of MsHsp23 proteins in the transgenic plants protect leaves from oxidative damage through chaperon and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that MsHsp23 confers abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic tall fescue and may be useful in developing stress tolerance in other crops.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.312-317
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• 2002

Indigenous lactobacilli were isolated from vaginas of Korean women for possible use in ecological treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Vaginal swab samples were obtained from a gynecological clinic and streaked on Rogosa SL agar plates to select the most predominant lactobacilli in each sample. The preliminary identification of the isolates as lactobacilli was based on microscopic observation of Gram-positive rod-shaped cell morphology. The initial characterization was performed on 108 isolates in terms of their cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), antimicrobial activity, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production capability, and 10 isolates were then selected for further molecular identification. For a rapid procedure to identify lactobacilli, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of the l6S rRNA genes were applied. The 10 selected lactobacilli and 9 different reference strains of Lactobacillus spp. were characterized by PCR-RFLP where the amplified l6S rDNA was digested with 7 different restriction endonucleases prior to analysis. DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of one particular isolate, KLB 46, that had been identified as L. crispatus by the PCR-RFLP analysis, further confirmed its identity as L. crispatus.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.880-885
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• 2021

Objective: Omasum is an important site for the absorption of short chain fatty acids. The major route for the transport of acetate is via sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE). However, a discrepancy in the symmetry of sodium and acetate transport has been previously reported, the mechanism of which is unclear. In this study, we investigated the possible role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) for this asymmetry. Methods: Omasal tissues were isolated from healthy sheep (N = 3) and divided into four groups; pH 7.4 and 6.4 alone and in combination with Ethoxzolamide. Electrophysiological measurements were made using Ussing chamber and the electrical measurements were made using computer controlled voltage clamp apparatus. Effect(s) of CA inhibitor on acetate and sodium transport flux rate of Na22 and 14C-acetate was measured in three different flux time periods. Data were presented as mean±standard deviation and level of significance was ascertained at p≤0.05. Results: Mucosal to serosal flux of Na (JmsNa) was greater than mucosal to serosal flux of acetate (JmsAc) when the pH was decreased from 7.4 to 6.4. However, the addition of CA inhibitor almost completely abolished this discrepancy (JmsNa ≈ JmsAc). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the additional protons required to drive the NHE were provided by the CA enzyme in the isolated omasal epithelium. The findings of this study also suggest that the functions of CA may be exploited for better absorption in omasum.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2013

본 연구는 prebiotics와 probiotics가 in vitro 배양조건에서 돼지 장내 미생물 및 발효산물에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토 하였다. prebiotics로써 이소말토-올리고당(IMO), 부분분해 치커리이눌린(CI), 라피노스(RA), 사이클로덱스트린(CD)을 사용하였으며 probiotics로는 Lactobacillus reuteri를 사용하였다. In vitro 발효시험은 육성돈 사료를 소화효소로 가수분해 시킨 사료와 5%의 돈분 그리고 prebiotics와 probiotics를 첨가 또는 무첨가하여 24시간 동안 배양시켰다. 배양 후 발효액 내의 미생물, 가스, pH, 암모니아, 황화수소, 단쇄지방산을 분석하였다. 엔테로박테리아는 prebiotics와 probiotics 첨가구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 락토바실러스 수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 발효액의 pH는 대조구에 비하여 첨가구에서 낮았으며 prebiotics보다 prebiotics+probiotics 첨가구에서 더욱 낮았다. 암모니아, 황화수소 및 스카톨의 농도는 prebiotics+probiotics 구보다 prebiotics 첨가시 유의적으로 감소하였다. 단쇄지방산은 prebiotics 보다 prebiotics+probiotics 구에서 유의적으로 많이 생성되었다. 본 시험의 결과 prebiotics 첨가는 암모니아, 황화수소 및 스카톨의 농도를 감소시키는데 효과가 있었으며, prebiotics+probiotics는 유산균과 단쇄지방산의 농도를 증가시키는 효과가 있었다. In vitro에서 얻어진 실험 결과가 실제로 돼지에 급여 시 같은 결과가 얻어질런지에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2002

미생물에 의한 금속이온의 환원은 탄소와 금속의 생지화학적 순환에 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 또한 금속, 방사성원소, 그리고 유기물로 오염된 지하수와 토양의 정화에 있어서 중요한 역할 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 지구의 극한 환경(예: 심해저 퇴적, 알칼리성 호수 등)에서 서식하는 철환원 박테리아를 분리하여 금속이온의 환원과 광물 형성 등의 실험에 이용하여 본 결과에 의하면, 이들 철환원 박테리아는 Fe(III), Mn(IV), Cr(VI), Co(III), and U(VI)이온 등을 환원시킬 뿐만 아니라, 자철석($Fe_3$$O_4$), 능철석($FeCO_3$), 방해석($CaCO_3$), 능망간석($MnCO_3$), 비비아나이트 [$Fe_3$($PO_4$)$_2$ .$8H_2$O], 우라니나이트(UO) 등의 광물을 형성한다. 철 환원 박테리아에 의한 광물 형성과 금속이온의 환원에 영향을 미치는 주요소는 대기의 조성, 화학 조성, 및 박테리아의 종이다. 호열성 철환원 박테리아는 철수화물과 금속이온(Co, Cr, Ni) 등을 동시에 환원시켜 금속 치환된 자철석을 합성하며, 또한 석탄회 등을 이용하여 탄산염 광물을 형성하여 대기 중의 이산화탄소를 고정하는 역할을 하기도 한다. 따라서 미생물에 의한 금속이온이 환원은 자연계에서 철과 탄소의 지화학적인 순환에 영향 미치며, 또한 미생물에 의한 자철석의 합성은 산업적으로 많은 이용가치가 있을 것으로 본다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1590-1599
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• 2021

Objective: This study investigates the expression patterns of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular mediators in horse muscle cells after exercise, and the relationship between TLRS expression in stressed horse muscle cells and immune cell migration toward them. Methods: The expression patterns of the TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR8) and downstream signaling pathway-related genes (myeloid differentiation primary response 88 [MYD88]; activating transcription factor 3 [ATF3]) are examined in horse tissues, and horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and muscles in response to exercise, using the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Expressions of chemokine receptor genes, i.e., C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), are studied in PBMCs and PMNs. A horse muscle cell line is developed by transfecting SV-T antigen into fetal muscle cells, followed by examination of muscle-specific genes. Horse muscle cells are treated with stressors, i.e., cortisol, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and heat, to mimic stress conditions in vitro, and the expression of TLR4 and TLR8 are examined in stressed muscle cells, in addition to migration activity of PBMCs toward stressed muscle cells. Results: The qPCR revealed that TLR4 message was expressed in cerebrum, cerebellum, thymus, lung, liver, kidney, and muscle, whereas TLR8 expressed in thymus, lung, and kidney, while TLR2 expressed in thymus, lung, and kidney. Expressions of TLRs, i.e., TLR4 and TLR8, and mediators, i.e., MYD88 and ATF3, were upregulated in muscle, PBMCs and PMNs in response to exercise. Expressions of CXCR2 and CCR5 were also upregulated in PBMCs and PMNs after exercise. In the muscle cell line, TLR4 and TLR8 expressions were upregulated when cells were treated with stressors such as cortisol, H₂O₂, and heat. Migration of PBMCs toward stressed muscle cells was increased by exercise and oxidative stresses, and combinations of these. Treatment with methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), an antioxidant on stressed muscle cells, reduced migration of PBMCs toward stressed muscle cells. Conclusion: In this study, we have successfully cultured horse skeletal muscle cells, isolated horse PBMCs, and established an in vitro system for studying stress-related gene expressions and function. Expression of TLR4, TLR8, CXCR2, and CCR5 in horse muscle cells was higher in response to stressors such as cortisol, H₂O₂, and heat, or combinations of these. In addition, migration of PBMCs toward muscle cells was increased when muscle cells were under stress, but inhibition of reactive oxygen species by MSM modulated migratory activity of PBMCs to stressed muscle cells. Further study is necessary to investigate the biological function(s) of the TLR gene family in horse muscle cells.

• 청정기술
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2021

본 연구는 무기 실리카 껍질(shell)과 유기 고분자 코어(core)로 구성된 매우 균일한 유-무기 복합체 입자 제조의 방법에 관한 것이다. 먼저, 미세유체 기술을 이용하여 균일한 크기를 지니는 유기 고분자 코어 입자를 제조하였다. 코어 입자의 제조 과정에서 코어 입자의 제조 과정에서 광 경화성 유기 물질이 포함된 분산상과 연속상의 유속을 독립적으로 제어함으로써 균일한 액적을 형성하였다. 액적이 형성됨과 동시에, 미세유체 채널의 말단에서 자외선 조사에 의해 액적이 광중합 되어 코어 입자로 형성된다. 더불어, 폴리알릴아민 하이드로클로라이드(polyallylamine hydrochloride, PAH)와 인산 이온(phosphate ion)으로 구성된 나노 복합체는 최적화된 pH 조건에서 수소결합과 정전기적 인력 같은 강력한 상호작용을 통해 코어 입자에 코팅된다. 폴리아민 나노 복합체에 존재하는 PAH 주쇄의 아민 그룹들은 규산(silicic acid)의 축합(condensation) 반응을 촉매하여, 코어 입자 표면의 실리카 나노입자 성장을 시킬 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 방법을 통해 유기 코어에 무기 실리카 나노입자로 코팅된 유-무기 복합체 입자를 제조할 수 있었다. 최종적으로, 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 보다 온화하며 환경친화적인 조건 하에서 단시간 내에 유-무기 복합체 입자를 합성할 수 있으며, 다양한 모양과 크기를 갖는 코어 입자에 적용되어 넓게 활용될 수 있다.