• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2000

중금속은 토양 내에서 비보존성 화학물질로 작용하므로 흡착에 의해 지연효과가 발생할 수 있고 흡착은 pH에 영향을 받는다고 보고된 바 있다. 그러므로 토양 및 지하수 오염을 예방하고 복구하기 위해서는 다양한 pH조건에서 중금속의 이동형태를 파악하는 것이 중요한 연구과제가 된다. 본 연구에서는 사질토양에서 pH에 따른 중금속의 이동특성을 연구하기 위하여 배치실험과 주상실험올 수행하였다. 배치실험의 경우 초기농도별로 11가지의 $ZnCl_2$ 40 mL 용액과 사질토양 10g을 교반기에서 72시간 반응시켜 평형상태에 도달하게 한 후 용액을 채취하여 Zn, Ca, Mg의 세 가지 양이온을 ICP-AES로 분석하였다. 주상실험은 3가지 pH조건 (7.7, 5.8, 4.1)에서 10 g/L의 KCl과 $ZnCl_2$를 추적자로 사용하여 순간주입 (pulse injection) 형태로 토양시료 상부에 투입한 후 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)를 사용하여 10 cm 깊이에서 잔존수농도를, EC-meter와 ICP분석을 통하여 20 cm 깊이의 하부 경계면에서 침출수농도를 분석하였다. 배치실험 결과, Zn은 Ca, Mg와 이온교환의 형태로 흡착이 발생하였고 등온 흡착방정식의 각 모델 (Linear, Freundlich, Langmuir)별로 최저 1.2에서 최고 614.1의 지연계수를 나타냈다. 주상실험에서도 모든 pH조건에서 Zn이온이 이온교환을 하여 흡착이 발생하였으나, 잔존수와 침출수 형태의 파과곡선 모두에서 Zn이용의 첨두농도 도달시간이 K이온과 일치하여 지연효과는 발생하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 정상류 상태로 부과한 낮은 배경농도의 용탈수내에 Zn보다 강한 이온교환능을 가지는 원소가 존재하지 않아 Zn의 탈착이 발생하지 않았기 때문이다. pH가 낮을수록 Zn는 용액내 수소이온 ($H^+$)의 증가로 치환능이 감소하여 첨두농도가 높게 나타났고, 상대적으로 치환되는 Ca, Mg의 양은 줄어들었다. 따라서 본 연구에 적용된 배치실험과 주상실험의 조건하에서는 Zn이온이 이온교환반응에 의한 흡착이 발생하였으나 지연효과는 발생하지 않았고 가장 낮은 pH에서 첨두농도가 최고 12.7배까지 증가하였다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1991

The reactions of semicarbazide hydrochloride with aliphatic and alicyclic ketones were studied kinetically at 15, 25, 35 and 45$^{\circ}C$ in 20% ethanol solution buffered at pH 2.9. The rate of cyclohexanone semicarbazone formation is 5.5 times as fast as that of cyclopentanone semicarbazone, while 3-pentanone semicarbazone is 4.7 times as slow as that of 2-pentanone, The activation energy of cyclohexanone, 2-pentanone, 2 hexanone, cyclopentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-pentanone semicarbazone formation are calculated 5.08, 7.52, 8.79, 9.59, 9.49, 11.59, respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ion but neutral molecules being progressed hydrogen bond between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst and concerted nucleophilic attack of free base on the carbonly compound. Dependence on pH of the rate of 2-pentanone semicarbozone formation is linear relationship below pH 4.60 and above pH 5.60. As a result of studing citric acid catalysis, second order constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration. As the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.10 mol/1 at pH 2.90, the rate constants increase 1.4 times, but slight increase is observed at pH 5.60. Conclusively, the rate-determining step is formation of tetrahedral interemediate below pH 4.65 and dehydration between pH 5.60 and pH 7.11. It is concluded that the formation reaction of cyclohexanone semicarbazone is faster than cyclopentanone semicarbazone due to the steric strain in the process of forming tetrahedral intermediate.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.166-172
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• 1982

느릅나무근(根) 점액(粘液)의 액성(液性)은 처음에는 중성(中性)이나 산성(酸性)으로 변(變)한 다음 중성(中性)에 가까워지는 경시적(經時的) 변화(變化)가 일어나며 점액(粘液)의 점도저하(粘度低下)는 황촉규근(黃蜀葵根) 점액(粘液)보다 매우 완만(緩慢)하다. 또 이것은 유리(遊離) 환원당(還元糖)을 함유(含有)하고 함량(含量)은 경시적(經時的)으로 변화(變化)하여 처음에는 증가(增加)한 다음 급격(急激)하게 감소(減少)하며 당함량(糖含量)과 점도(粘度)와의 사이에서 분명(分明)한 비례관계(比例關係)를 찾아볼 수는 없다. 당류(糖類)를 경시적(經時的)으로 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 황촉규근(黃蜀葵根) 점액(粘液)과는 달리 glucose 및 galacturonic acid등(等) 2종(種)의 당류(糖類)가 검출(檢出)되었다. 그러나 점질물(粘質物)의 가수분해(加水分解) 생성물(生成物)에서 검출(檢出)된 당류(糖類)는 rhamnose, mannose, galactose, arabinose 그리고 galacturonic acid등(等)이며 황촉규근(黃蜀葵根) 점질물(粘質物)에서 검출(檢出)되었던 xylose는 검출(檢出)되지 아니하고 mannose가 검출(檢出)되었다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2001

In this study, an attempt was made to increase the survival rate of bifidobacteria entrapped in alginate in the gastrointestinal tract, and to investigate the potential industrial applications, for example lyophilized capsules and yogurt. First, the protective effect of various food additives on bifidobacterial survivability was determined after exposure to simulated gastric juices and bile salts. The additives used in this study were skim milk (SM), polydextrose (PD), soy fiber (SF), yeast extract (YE), chitosan (CS), $\kappa$-carageenan ($\kappa$-C) and whey, which were added at 0.6% concentration (w/v) to 3% alginate-bifidobacterial solution. In the simulated gastric juices and bile salts, the protective effect of 0.6% skim milk-3% alginate (SM-A) beads on the survival rate of bifidobacteria proved to be higher than the other additives. Second, the hydrogen ion permeation was detected through SM-A vessel without bifidobacterial cells at different SM concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%). There were no differences in terms of the pH decrease in SM-A vessels at 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% (w/v) SM concentrations. The survival rate of bifidobacteria in SM-A beads would appear to be related to the SM buffering capacity against hydrogen ions and its tendency to reduce the pore size of bead. In this experiment, the survival rate of bifidobacteria entrapped in beads containing 0.6% SM showed the highest viability after exposure to simulated gastric juices for 3h, thereby indicating that 0.6% SM is the optimum concentration fir 3% alginate bead preparation. Third, the effect of SM-A beads on the freeze-drying and yogurt storage for 10 days was investigated. SM-A beads were found to be more efficient for freeze drying and yogurt storage than untrapped cells and the alginate bead. Consequently, the survival rate of bifidobacteria entrapped in SM-A beads was increased in simulated gastric juices, bile salts and probiotic products, such as lyophilized capsules and yogurt, SM-A beads can be expected to produce high value probiotic products.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.384-387
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• 2005

Fuel cell has been well known as a clean alternative power for vehicles. Recently, an experimental technique has been developed measurement of species and distributions by using gas chromatograph. In this study, cathode channel oxygen distributions as various conditions were investigated using gas chromatograph and cell visualization. And discussed relation between flooding and oxygen concentrations. As a result of experiment, oxygen consumpt ion is affected wi th flooding. Flooding is observed in channel near hydrogen inlet, and oxygen consumption is low at that region.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.62-66
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• 1957

With the intention of preparing cation exchangers from the domestic coals, and using these for softening hard water and some other purposes, seven kinds of raw coal were tested and the results are as follows. 1) The following conditions of preparation were given the good results. Reaction time 5 hours Reaction temperature $95^{\circ}$ Concentration of sulfuric acid 98% Amount of sulfuric acid 10 times to the sample (as weight) 2) The raw coals which is rich in fixed carbon and have the fuel ratio 0.8 to 1.0 were suitable, and Kampo lignite has shown the best results. 3) The cation exchangers from coals were able to exchange the cation, both hydrogen and sodium type dynamically and statically, like the synthetic ion exchange resin. The exchange capacities were as follows. Total capacity 1.60 meq/g. Breakthrough capacity 1.30 meq/g. Usable breakthrough capacity 1.20 meq/g National Central Research laboratory

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2014

Dental plaque resides passively at a site and makes an active contribution to the maintenance of health. The bacterial composition of plaque remains relatively stable despite regular exposure to minor environmental stress. This stability, homeostasis is due to a dynamic balance of microbial interactions. However, the homeostasis can break down, leading to shifts in the balance of the microflora. This change can be a sign of initial dental caries. It is proposed that disease can be prevented or treated not only by targeting the putative pathogens but also by interfering with the processes that drive the breakdown in homeostasis. It is essential to understand the plaque as a mixed species biofilm. In this essay I reviewed an extension of the caries ecological hypothesis to explain the relation between dynamic changes in the phenotypic/genotypic properties of plaque bacteria and the demineralization and remineralization balance of the dental caries process. We will have the strategies to impact significantly on clinical practice as understanding dental biofilm.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.249-253
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• 2005

This study was carried out to develop enzyme biosensor for lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acids produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was measured and good correlation $R^2=0.98$ between LAB count and lactic acids concentration was found. Hydrogen ion produced by L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH) was measured by a potentiometer. Glutamic-pyruvic transminase (GPT) was used for eliminating inhibitor in the reaction. Polyacrylamide gel was used for immobilizing matrix of the sensor. The biosensor was tested and showed good feasibility with $R^2=0.99$ on validation.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.186-188
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• 1963

An attempt to improve the method of volumetric determination of tungsten developed by Luke has been made successfully. Using amalgam coated lead instead of pure metallic lead in the reduction procedure. W(VI)-W(III) reduction has been found to be quantitative in rather concentrated hydrochloric acid. Since there was no excessive dissolution of lead via reduction of hydrogen ion, lead surface was totally accessible for the reduction of tungsten and no trouble was caused by dereposition of $PbCl_2$ crystals at the nozzle of Jones reductor. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that almost 100 mg. of $WO_3$ can be handled easily if the chloride concentration of the HCl is increased by adding solid $NH_4Cl$.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.841-845
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• 1971

Author has made the studies on the pH of pus in the 53 suppurative disesed patients who had admitted to department of ora surgery, Infirmary of Schoo of Dentistry, Seoul National University. The results were obtained as follows; 1. The average pH of pus in the patients with suppurative oral diseases was 6.46 and the pH of pus was ranging 5.0 to 7.2. 2. The pH value of pus was not significant between the males(pH: 6.58) and females (pH: 6.40). 3. The pH vaule of pus in patients treated by antibiotics trend to slightly alkaline than that of untreated patients. 4.The pH vaule of pus in the pericoronitis, periodontal abscess and other localized oral infections were slightly alkaline than buccal abscess and osteomyelitis, and acute suppurative diseases of jaws was more acid than chronic diseases. In general, it was seemed the early stages of inflammation was alkaline, and the later stages was acid.