• Title/Summary/Keyword: Hydrogen exchange

검색결과 407건 처리시간 0.033초

시동/정지 반복에 의한 데드엔드형 고분자전해질 연료전지의 성능 감소 (Performance Degradation of Dead-end Type PEMFC by Startup and Shutdown Cycles)

  • 정재현;정재진;송명현;정회범;나일채;이호;박권필
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제51권5호
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    • pp.540-544
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    • 2013
  • 고분자전해질연료전지(PEMFC)는 시동/정지과정에서 성능과 수명이 감소한다. 본 연구에서는 캐소드가스로 산소를 사용하는 데드엔드 형 PEMFC의 시동/정지 과정의 영향을 분극곡선, 임피던스(EIS), SEM과 TEM을 사용해 연구하였다. 시동/정지 과정에서 PEMFC 성능감소를 막기 위해서는 더미 로드를 사용해야 함을 보였다. 시동/정지 반복과정 중 50% 상대습도(RH)에서 캐소드 카본지지체의 부식에 의한 열화가 100% RH보다 심했다. 데드엔드 형 PEMFC의 정지과정에서 PEMFC에 물을 공급해줌으로써 50% RH에서 열화속도를 감소시켰다.

Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Sparteinium Tetrahalocuprate Monohydrate Compounds

  • Lee, Yong-Min;Park, Sung-Min;Kang, Sung-Kwon;Kim, Young-Inn;Choi, Sung-Nak
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제25권6호
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    • pp.823-828
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    • 2004
  • The crystal structures of sparteinium tetrachlorocuprate monohydrate $[(C_{15}H_{28}N_2)CuCl_4{\cdot}H_2O]$, 1 and sparteinium tetrabromocuprate monohydrate $[(C_{15}H_{28}N_2)CBr_4{\cdot}H_2O]$, 2, were determined. The structures of 1 [orthorhombic, $P2_12_12_1$, a = 8.3080(10) ${\AA}$, b = 14.6797(19) ${\AA}$ and c = 16.4731(17) ${\AA}$], and 2 [orthorhombic, $P2_12_12_1$, a = 8.4769(7) ${\AA}$, b = 15.166(3) ${\AA}$ and c = 16.679(3) ${\AA}$], are composed of a doubly protonated sparteinium cation, $[C_{15}H_{28}N_2]^{2+}$, a discrete $CuX_4^{2-}$ anion $(X=Cl^-\;or\;Br^-)$, and one water molecule. These monomeric compounds are stabilized through various types of hydrogen bonding interaction in their packing structures. Crystal 2 exhibits weak anti-ferromagnetism (J = -3.24 $cm^{-1}$) as opposed to the magnetically isolated paramagnetism observed for 1. The results of comparative magneto-structural investigations of 1 and 2 suggest that the pathway for the weak anti-ferromagnetic super-exchange in 2 might be through a Cu-Br${\cdots}$Br-Cu contact.

Mutation in clpxoo4158 Reduces Virulence and Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10859

  • Cho, Jung-Hee;Jeong, Kyu-Sik;Han, Jong-Woo;Kim, Woo-Jae;Cha, Jae-Soon
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.89-92
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    • 2011
  • Cyclic AMP receptor-like protein (Clp), is known to be a global transcriptional regulator for the expression of virulence factors in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Sequence analysis showed that Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) contains a gene that is strongly homologous to the Xcc clp. In order to determine the role of the Clp homolog in Xoo, a marker exchange mutant of $clp_{xoo4158}$ was generated. Virulence and virulence factors, such as the production of cellulase, xylanase, and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and swarming motility were significantly decreased in the $clp_{xoo4158}$ mutant. Moreover, the mutation caused the strain to be more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and to over-produce siderophores. Complementation of the mutant restored the mutation-related phenotypes. Expression of $clp_{xoo4158}$, assessed by reverse-transcription realtime PCR and clp promoter activity, was significantly reduced in the rpfB, rpfF, rpfC, and rpfG mutants. These results suggest that the clp homolog, $clp_{xoo4158}$, is involved in the control of virulence and resistance against oxidative stress, and that expression of the gene is controlled by RpfC and RpfG through a diffusible signal factor (DSF) signal in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae KACC10859.

The Roles of Peroxiredoxin and Thioredoxin in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and in Signal Transduction

  • Netto, Luis E.S.;Antunes, Fernando
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.65-71
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    • 2016
  • A challenge in the redox field is the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, by which $H_2O_2$ mediates signal transduction in cells. This is relevant since redox pathways are disturbed in some pathologies. The transcription factor OxyR is the $H_2O_2$ sensor in bacteria, whereas Cys-based peroxidases are involved in the perception of this oxidant in eukaryotic cells. Three possible mechanisms may be involved in $H_2O_2$ signaling that are not mutually exclusive. In the simplest pathway, $H_2O_2$ signals through direct oxidation of the signaling protein, such as a phosphatase or a transcription factor. Although signaling proteins are frequently observed in the oxidized state in biological systems, in most cases their direct oxidation by $H_2O_2$ is too slow ($10^1M^{-1}s^{-1}$ range) to outcompete Cys-based peroxidases and glutathione. In some particular cellular compartments (such as vicinity of NADPH oxidases), it is possible that a signaling protein faces extremely high $H_2O_2$ concentrations, making the direct oxidation feasible. Alternatively, high $H_2O_2$ levels can hyperoxidize peroxiredoxins leading to local building up of $H_2O_2$ that then could oxidize a signaling protein (floodgate hypothesis). In a second model, $H_2O_2$ oxidizes Cys-based peroxidases that then through thiol-disulfide reshuffling would transmit the oxidized equivalents to the signaling protein. The third model of signaling is centered on the reducing substrate of Cys-based peroxidases that in most cases is thioredoxin. Is this model, peroxiredoxins would signal by modulating the thioredoxin redox status. More kinetic data is required to allow the identification of the complex network of thiol switches.

Crystal Structure of a Benzene Sorption Complex of Dehydrated Fully $Cd^{2+}$-Exchanged Zeolite X

  • 김양;염영훈;최은영;김안나;한영욱
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제19권11호
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    • pp.1222-1227
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    • 1998
  • The crystal structure of a benzene sorption complex of fully dehydrated Cd2+-exchanged zeolite X, Cd46Si100Al92O384·43C6H6 (a=24.880(6) Å), has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at 21 ℃. The crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of 0.05 M aqueous Cd(NO3)2 for 3 d, followed by dehydration at 400 ℃ and 2 x 10-6 Torr for 2 d, followed by exposure to about 92 Torr of benzene vapor at 22 ℃. The structure was determined in this atmosphere and refined to the final error indices R1=0.054 and Rw=0.066 with 561 reflections for which I > 3σ(I). In this structure, Cd2+ ions are found at four crystallographic sites: eleven Cd2+ ions are at site 1, at the centers of the double six-oxygen rings; six Cd2+ ions lie at site I', in the sodalite cavity opposite to the double six-oxygen rings; and the remaining 29 Cd2+ ions are found at two nonequivalent threefold axes of unit cell, sites Ⅱ' (in the sodalite cavity ) and site Ⅱ (in the supercage) with occupancies of 2 and 27 ions, respectively. Each of these Cd2+ ions coordinates to three framework oxylkens, either at 2.173(13) or 2.224(10) Å, respectively, and extends 0.37 Å into the sodalite unit or 0.60 Å into the supercage from the plane of the three oxygens to which it is bound. The benzene molecules are found at two distinct sites within the supercages. Twenty-seven benzenes lie on threefold axes in the large cavities where they interact facially with the latter 27 site-Ⅱ Cd2+ ions (Cd2+-benzene center=2.72 Å; occupancy=27 molecules/32 sites). The remaining sixteen benzene molecules are found in 12ring planes; occupancy=16 molecules/16 sites. Each hydrogen of these sixteen benzenes is ca. 2.8/3.0 Å from three 12-ring oxygens where each is stabilized by multiple weak electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with framework oxygens.

PEMFC에 사용되는 강화막과 비강화막의 Fenton 반응에 의한 열화 비교 (Comparison of Degradation due to Fenton Reaction between Reinforced and Non-reinforced Membranes Used in PEMFC)

  • 오소형;유동근;이미화;박지상;박권필
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제59권4호
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    • pp.508-513
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    • 2021
  • 고분자전해질 연료전지(PEMFC)의 내구성을 향상시키기 위해서는 필수적으로 고분자막의 내구성이 향상되어야한다. 고분자막의 내구성을 향상시키기 위해서 e-PTFE 지지체와 라디칼 제거제(Radical Scavenger)가 첨가된다. 본 연구에서는 e-PTFE 지지체가 들어간 강화막(Reinforced Membrane)과 비강화막(Non-reinforced Membrane)의 화학적 내구성을 Fenton 반응에 의해 비교하고자 하였다. 라디칼 제거제가 첨가되지 않은 고분자막의 Fenton 실험에서는 작게 절단한 시편의 단면을 통한 과산화수소 용액과 철이온의 흡수율이 강화막에서 더 높아 불소유출농도가 더 높게 나타났다. 라디칼 제거제의 종류와 첨가량에 따라 강화막의 불소유출농도가 3배 이상의 큰 차이가 발생해서 라디칼 제거제의 영향이 지지체의 영향보다 강한 것을 알 수 있었다.

클로로프렌 고무로 결합된 동물조직 고정 탄소반죽 전극의 전기화학적 특성 (Electrochemical Characterization of Animal Tissue-Immobilized Carbon Paste Biosensor Bound with Chloroprene Rubber)

  • 유근배
    • 공업화학
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.114-118
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    • 2011
  • 미네랄 오일을 결합재로 사용하는 탄소반죽전극은 효소의 특성 연구 분야에서 효과적으로 활용되고 있으나 전극이 기계적 경도가 없으므로 실용화의 가능성은 없다. 본 실험실에서는 톨루엔에 녹인 고무 용액이 탄소가루의 결합재로 사용될 때 탄소반죽의 기계적 물성이 얻어지는 것을 확인하였다. 클로로프렌 고무 용액을 이용하여 만든 전극이 정량적인 전기화학적 행동을 보이는지 확인하기 위하여 여러 가지 속도론적 파라메터 즉 대칭인자($\alpha$, 0.28), 교환전류밀도 ($i_0$, $4.06{\mu}A/cm^2$), 이중층의 축전용량($C_d$, $2.11{\times}10^{-3}F$), Michaelis 상수($K_M$, $2.45{\times}10^{-3}M$), 시간상수(${\tau}_B$, 0.077 sec) 등을 구하였다. 이 실험적 사실들은 클로로프렌 고무가 탄소반죽전극의 실용화에 전망 좋은 결합재임을 입증하였다.

운전조건 및 유로형상에 따른 고체고분자형 연료전지의 수소극에서의 수분관리 (The Operating Condition and Flow Field Design Effect on the Anode Water Management of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC))

  • 홍인권;김선회
    • 공업화학
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.518-521
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    • 2011
  • 전극면적 $25cm^2$ 고체고분자형 연료전지를 이용하여 수소극의 수분관리에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 수분관리는 연료전지의 운전에 있어서 가장 핵심적인 인자 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 연료극의 flooding의 위험성이 가장 높은 작동전류밀도 $200mA/cm^2$에서 수소극의 가습 및 온도 등의 운전조건의 변화, 그리고 유로 형상의 영향성을 평가하였다. 또한 연료극과 공기극의 양론비를 변화시킴과 동시에 유로의 형상에 따른 영향성을 파악하기 위한 실험을 실시하였다. 연료전지의 운전에 있어서 연료극과 공기극의 양론비에 따른 수분관리의 영향성을 확인할 수 있었고 또한 온도변화 및 가습조건의 변화에 따른 성능의 변화 역시 관찰할 수 있었다.

Energy Management and Performance Evaluation of Fuel Cell Battery Based Electric Vehicle

  • Khadhraoui, Ahmed;SELMI, Tarek;Cherif, Adnene
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2022
  • Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) show great potential to reduce gas emission, improve fuel efficiency and offer more driving range flexibility. Moreover, PHEV help to preserve the eco-system, climate changes and reduce the high demand for fossil fuels. To address this; some basic components and energy resources have been used, such as batteries and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FCs). However, the FC remains unsatisfactory in terms of power density and response. In light of the above, an electric storage system (ESS) seems to be a promising solution to resolve this issue, especially when it comes to the transient phase. In addition to the FC, a storage system made-up of an ultra-battery UB is proposed within this paper. The association of the FC and the UB lead to the so-called Fuel Cell Battery Electric Vehicle (FCBEV). The energy consumption model of a FCBEV has been built considering the power losses of the fuel cell, electric motor, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and brakes. To do so, the implementing a reinforcement-learning energy management strategy (EMS) has been carried out and the fuel cell efficiency has been optimized while minimizing the hydrogen fuel consummation per 100km. Within this paper the adopted approach over numerous driving cycles of the FCBEV has shown promising results.

탄소중립과 그린 수소에너지 전환을 위한 PEM 수전해 시스템에서 작동 전압 및 효율의 열역학적 이해 (Understanding Thermodynamics of Operating Voltage and Efficiency in PEM Water Electrolysis System for Carbon Neutrality and Green Hydrogen Energy Transition)

  • 주형국;봉성율;박승용;이창현
    • 전기화학회지
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.56-63
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    • 2023
  • 태양, 파도, 바람 등 친환경 재생에너지원을 이용한 전력 생산 기술이 성숙함에 따라 재생에너지 전력의 경제성과 규모 측면에서 빠르게 발전하고 있다. 특히, 전기화학적인 방법으로 수소를 생산하는 기술은 이러한 재생에너지와 효율적으로 연계될 수 있는 방법 중 하나로 주목받고 있다. 수전해 기술은 작동 온도에 따라서 저온(100 ℃ 이하), 중온(300-700 ℃), 고온(700 ℃ 이상) 수전해로 나눌 수 있으며, 에너지 소비량 및 전압 효율 평가는 열역학 법칙에 따라 계산한다. 그러나 수전해 평가에서 열역학적 전압(thermodynamic voltage)과 열중성 전압(thermo-neutral voltage)의 개념이 혼용되어 사용되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 저온 PEM (proton exchange membrane) 수전해 기술을 바탕으로 작동 전압과 효율 평가에 대한 이해를 높이고, 열역학적 전압과 열중성 전압의 차이점을 명확히 하고자 한다.