• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.587-598
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• 1993

Hydrofluoric acid is one of the strongest irritating, corrosive and poisonous inorganic chemicals. Hydrofluoric acid burns are occurring with ever-increasing frequency due to the wide use of this acid in industries. Hydrofluoric acid burns are characterized by severe progressive tissue destruction and excruciating pain due to the unique properties of the freely dissolvable fluoride ion. The authors reviewed medical records of 32 cases (36 spells) of hydrofluoric acid burns which occurred in a hydrofluoric acid manufacturing factory from Sep. 1, 1990 to June 30, 1993. The results are as follows; 1. Eleven measurements of air concentrations of hydrofluoric acid by detection tube method from 1990 to 1992 were all below TLV (Department of Labor, R.O. K). 2. There were 19 cases (22 spells) of hydrofluoric acid burns which occurred during the study period among regular employees. The overall incidence density of hydrofluoric acid was 17.8 cases (20.6 spells) per 100 person-year. Incidence density was 19.0 cases (22.0 spells) per 100 person-year among male workers and there were no female cases. Incidence density was 32.9 cases (38.3 spells) per 100 person-year among production workers and 1.9 cases (1.9 spells) per 100 person-years among management workers with the difference being statistically significant (P<0.01). 3. Of 32 cases (36 spells) of hydrofluoric acid burns among workers who were regularly employed or temporarily employed, 26 spells (81.2%) were between age 20 to 39. In 15 spells(41.7%) burns occurred between 12:00 and 17:59 with 16 spells(44.3%) having arrived at hospital within 2 hours after the accident. 4. Of 36 spells, the main cause of hydrofluoric acid burns were by splashes (8 spells, 22.2 %). The most frequent site of burns were fingers and pain was the most frequent symptom. Thirty spells (83.3%) of the hydrofluoric acid burns were treated with local injection of antidote (calcium gluconate). Complete recovery without scarring were observed in most of the cases (34 out of 36 cases, 94.4%). The study results suggest that to prevent hydrofluoric acid burns, environmental control and the wearing of hydrofluoric acid resistant protective clothes and gloves are important. It is also stressed that establishment of an emergency management and a transfer system for hydrofluoric acid burn victims is necessary.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2006

Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless gas or fuming liquid with a strong, irritating odor. Hydrofluoric acid burns are uncommon; however, if severe burn occur, they caused death from systemic effects, such as fatal cardiac arrthmia. We experienced two cases of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns on digits. These patients had typical clinical features of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns, such as pulsating pain at the burn site, as well as ischemic and necrotic skin changes. The hydrofluoric acid chemical burn was confirmed by a history of exposure. Subsequently, we made a calcium gluconate gel by mixing 20% calcium gluconate, an antagonist against hydrofluoric acid, with lubricant, and we injected 10% calcium gluconate subcutaneously when they complained of pain rated at higher than 5 on the pain scale. Simultaneously, we monitored the patients' electrocardiographs and checked their serum total calcium, ionized calcium, and magnesium levels serially. Clinical presentations and the emergency management of hydrofluoric acid chemical burns were reviewed along with the current literature. These patients were discharged without any significant complications.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.361-367
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 불화 수소산 에칭 처리가 안정화된 정방 정계 지르코니아 다결정 (Y-TZP)의 결합 강도에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이었다. 4 그룹의 지르코니아 - 수지 시멘트 시편을 준비 하였다. 1) ZGS 그룹 (zirconia, no treatment) 2) ZGSH 그룹 (zirconia, hydrofluoric acid etching treatment) 3) H-ZGS 그룹 (Hybrid zirconia, no treatment) 4) H-ZGSH 그룹 (Hybrid zirconia, hydrofluoric acid etching treatment). 지르코니아와 도재 사이의 전단 결합 강도는 Instron Universal Testing Machine (ModelBBP-500, Instron Corporation, Kyunggi, Korea)을 사용하여 측정 하였다. 독립표본 t-test와 two-way ANOVA (${\alpha}=0.05$)를 사용하여 데이터를 통계적으로 분석했다. 세라믹 - 수지 시멘트 결합강도는 불화 수소산 에칭 처리에 영향을 받았다 (p <0.05). 파단 표면의 디지털 현미경 검사는 불화 수소산 에칭 처리한 표면처리 된 지르코니아 및 하이브리드 지르코니아 그룹에서 접착성 및 응집성 파절이 동시에 발생하는 결함을 보였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.407-418
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• 2007

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrofluoric acid concentration & etching time on the shear bond strength between IPS Empress 2 ceramic and resin cement. Material and methods: Thirty three rectangular shape ceramic specimens($20{\times}12{\times}5mm$ size, IPS Empress 2 core materials) were used for this study. The ceramic specimens divided into ten experimental groups with three specimens in each group and were etched with hydrofluoric acid(4%, 9%) according to different etching times(30s, 60s, 90s, 120s, 180s). Etched surfaces of ceramic specimens were bonded with resin cement(Rely X Unicorn) using acrylic glass tube. All cemented specimens were tested under shear loading until fracture on universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min and the maximum load at fracture(kg) was recorded. Collected shear bond strength data were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Duncan tests. All etched ceramic surfaces were examined morphologically using SEM(scanning electron microscopy). Results: Shear bond strength of etching group$(35.89{\sim}68.01MPa)$ had four to seven times greater than no-etching group$(9.53{\pm}2.29MPa)$. The ceramic specimen etched with 4% hydrofluoric acid for 60s showed the maximum shear bond strength$(68.01{\pm}11.78MPa)$. Ceramic surface etched with 4% hydrofluoric acid for 60s showed most retentive surface texture. Conclusion: It is considered that 60s etching with 4% hydrofluoric acid is optimal etching methods for IPS Empress 2 ceramic bonding.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.61-62
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• 1980

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.460-465
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• 2004

Hydrofluoric acid has been used as a novel stripping agent for molybdenum(VI) after its extraction with Cyanex 301. In the extraction step, the effects of parameters such as type and initial concentration of acid, type of diluent, extractant concentration, metal concentration and temperature have been studied. In the stripping step, the effects of various stripping agents on stripping efficiency have been investigated. Hydrofluoric acid has been chosen as an effective stripping agent, and the effects of concentration of hydrofluoric acid, stripping time, volume of hydrofluoric acid and the number of stages of stripping have been studied. Molybdenum(VI) has been effectively separated from a large number of elements in binary mixtures, with a very high tolerance limit. Finally, the optimized method has been extended for the analysis of Mo(VI) in spent molybdenum catalysts.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.135-137
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• 2007

Hydrofluoric acid is a weak inorganic acid used for etching and as rust removals. Systemic toxicity after oral ingestion induces rapid development of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia, leading to ventricular fibrillation and finally asystole. We report a case of intentional ingestion of hydrofluoric acid producing an altered mental state at the time of the patient's arrival in the emergency department. The patient died approximately 80 minutes after the exposure with asystol.

• 청정기술
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2005

스테인레스강의 산세공정에서 사용하는 질산으로 인한 환경문제를 해결하기 위하여 질산을 포함하지 않는 새로운 산세용액을 개발하고자 하였다. 산세용액의 반복 사용 시의 산세성능과 모재의 침식 정도를 기준으로 연구한 결과, 산 1%, 불산 및 과산화수소 각 2% 의 조성을 갖는 용액이 기존의 질산-불산 용액과 유사한 수준의 우수한 산세특성을 나타내었다. 또한 산세능을 유지하기 위해서는 염산 대비 과산화수소의 비율을 0.5 이상 유지해야 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2005

신경연접 구조 관찰을 위한 방법으로 hydrofluoric acid 용액을 이용하여 유리 커버글라스 위에 배양된 신경세포의 전자현미경 관찰을 위한 편리한 시료제작법을 제시하였다. 배양된 신경세포의 TEM관찰을 위한 전체적인 시편제작 방법은 일반적인 전자현미경 시편 준비법과 큰 차이가 없으나 시료 블록을 제작한 후 유리 커버글라스를 효과적으로 제거하는 것이 가장 큰 차이점이다. 유리 커버글라스의 제거를 위해 열중합 반응이 끝난 시료 블록은 유리 커버글라스를 완전히 노출시켜 48% hydrofluoric acid 용액이 들어있는 플라스틱 비이커에 넣어 $5{\sim}10$분간 처리하여 유리 커버글라스를 완전히 제거한 후, 흐르는 물로 충분히 세척하고 상온에서 건조하여 사용하였다. 유리 커버글라스가 제거된 시료 블록은 실체 현미경을 이용하여 관찰하고자 하는 부위를 선정한 후 절삭하여 절편을 제작하였다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-66
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• 2004

Hydrofluoric acid (HF), one of the strongest inorganic acids, is used mainly for industrial purpose. Hydrofluoric acid injuries has a potential for both systemic as well as severe local tissue destruction. One of the most serious consequences of severe exposure to HF by any route is marked lowering of serum calcium (hypocalcemia) and other metabolic changes, such as hypomagnesemia and which may result in a fatal outcome if not recognized and treated. promptly cardiotoxicity is not well known except arrhythmias, which are a primary cause of death. We report a case of myopericarditis by ingestion of hydrofluoric acid.