• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2013

Concrete is known as a heterogeneous product which is composed of complex chemical composition and reaction. The development of concrete thermal effect during early age is critical on its future structural health and long term durability. When cement is mixed with water, the exothermic chemical reaction generates hydration heat, which raises the temperature within the concrete. Consequently, cracking may occur if the concrete temperature rises too high or if there is a large temperature difference between the interior and the exterior of concrete structures during early age hydration. This paper describes the contribution of novel Fabry-Perot (FP) fiber optic temperature sensors to investigate the thermal effects of concrete hydration process. Concrete specimens were manufactured under various water-to-cement (w/c) ratios from 0.40 to 0.60. During the first 24 hours of concreting, two FP fiber optic temperature sensors were inserted into concrete specimens with the protection of copper tubing to monitor the surface and core temperature change. The experimental results revealed effects of w/c ratios on surface and core temperature developments during early age hydration, as well as demonstrating that FP fiber optic sensors are capable of capturing temperature variation in the concrete with reliable performance. Temperature profiles are used for calculating the apparent activation energy ($E_a$) and the heat of hydration (H(t)) of concrete, which can help us to better understand cement hydration.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1982

The technique to determine the components in the supersulphated slag cement is discussed by several selective extraction analyses. Accordingly, the rate of hydration reaction of supersulphated slag cement could be quantitatively measured by the following 3 kinds of the selective extraction analyses. (1) Determination of unreacted slag - a salicylic acid, acetone.methanol solution (2) Determination of free $CaSO_4$ - a half saturated lime water (3) Determination of free $Ca(OH)_2$ - glycerine.alcohol solution

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.989-999
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• 2015

An advanced continuum-based multi-physical single particle model was recently introduce for the hydration of tricalcium silicate ($C_3S$). In this model, the dissolution and the precipitation events are modeled as two different yet simultaneous chemical reactions. Product precipitation involves a nucleation and growth mechanism wherein nucleation is assumed to happen only at the surface of the unreacted core and product growth is characterized via a two-step densification mechanism having rapid growth of a low density initial product followed by slow densification. Although this modeling strategy has been shown to nicely mimic all stages of $C_3S$ hydration - dissolution, dormancy (induction), the onset of rapid hydration, the transition to slow hydration and prolonged reaction - the major criticism is that many adjustable parameters are required. If formulated correctly, however, the model parameters are shown here to be statistically independent and significant.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.560-566
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• 1990

The early hydration characteristics according to the C3A polymorphism and the presence of gypsum, in order to establish the hydration mechanism of the system C3S-C3A, have been studied. The hydration rate of C3A was changed according to the its crystal structure and influenced the hydration of C3S. That is, the hydration rate of C3S was accelerated in case of orthorhombic-C3A, but that was slightly retarded in case of melt-C3A than that of cubic-C3A. In the system C3S-C3A-gypsum, the retardation phenomenon of the reaction of monosulfate formation was observed in case of both orthorhombic and melt-C3A.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.514-520
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• 1989

The early hydration characteristics according to the C3S/C3A ratio and presence of gypsum, in order to establish the hydration mechanism of the system C3S-C3A, have been studied. The rate of C3S dissolution in the system C3S-Gypsum was higher than that in the system C3S. Consequently, the induction period was reduced and the rate of Ca(OH)2 formation in the accleration period was increased. The hydration of C3S in the system C3S-C3A was retarded because Al3+ in the liquid phase originating from the hydration of C3A was incorporated into calcium hydrosilicates formed. The retardation phenomenon of C3S hydration was not appeared in the system C3S-C3A-gypsum because the reaction of monosulfate formation became the rate-determining step.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.578-584
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• 2021

This study comparatively analyzed the properties of hydration reaction and strength development of four types of pond ash(PA) and fly ash(FA), aiming for the effective use of PA. The PA whose chlorine content was highest due to the seawater movement method had a faster setting time, higher cumulative heat, and greater initial strength development than those of FA due to the acceleration of the cement hydration reaction. However, the activity factor increase rate decreased after seven days of curing due to the rapid generation of early hydrates. The PA that contained impurities, such as a large amount of unburned carbon, had a delayed setting time due to the lower hydration reaction. Moreover, the strength was degraded in all curing ages. The PA whose chlorine content was lower due to the freshwater movement method and the amorphous content exhibited similar hydration reactivity and strength development characteristics compared to that of FA. The thermogravimetric analysis results verified that it had a similar level of Ca(OH)₂ consumption and pozzolanic reactivity with that of FA. Conclusively, it is necessary to expand the application of the freshwater movement method and manage the ignition loss to raise PA's usability.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.72-81
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• 2014

The main mineral phases of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) as a hydraulic lime binderare $Ca(OH)_2$, $C_2S$, $C_3S$, $C_3A$, and $SiO_2$ residues. Also, NHL has the characteristic of setting and hardening by a hydration reaction with water and by carbonation reactions with carbon dioxide from the air. In this study, in an effort to investigate changes of the mineral phases by NHL hydration and carbonation reactions, transitions of mineral phases and the microstructures of hardened pastes were analyzed by XRD, DSC, SEM, and by pore size distributions using domestic and foreign-sourced NHL pastes after curing at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days. On the basis of the analysis results, it was confirmed that domestic low-grade limestone can be used for the manufacturing of NHL. The main hydration mineral phases were $Ca(OH)_2$, $CaCO_3$, $C_2S$, and $SiO_2$ residues, while in the case of foreign-sourced NHL, a small amount of an aluminium hydration phase formed. Also, the $CaCO_3$ content after the carbonation reaction increased with an increase in the curing time. After hydration for 28 days, NHL containing considerable amounts of $C_2S$ and $C_3S$ showed higher carbonation ratios than others types.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1987

The behavior of CaO and SiO2 in the reaction produced which produced in the early hydration of C3S was studied by XRD and thermal analyzer. Polymerization of hydrated siltcates was also studied by TMS method. TMS derivatives were separated by gaschromatography. Cao/SiO2 molar ratios of the produced CSH gel under the air atmosphere were higher than that in the CO2. Dimerization rate of hydrated silicates was very fast in the early hydration stage. Trimer began to appear later than dimer and its increasing rate was very low. The amount of dimer and trimer formed under the CO2 atmosphere was less than that in the air.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.205-212
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• 1978

The hydration reaction of the slag-gypsum system was studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, optical icroscopic observation, and measurement of heat liberation of hydration. 1. Domestic granulated slag was almost noncrystalized state, and its mineral compositions calculated were 46.53% of gehlenite, 28.14% of akermanite, and 19.04% of wollastonite. 2. The slag quenched with water at relatively high temperature had better reactivity. 3. The production of ettringite, CSH gel and AH3 gel were stimulated by effect of $Ca(OH)_2$, $Mg(OH)_2$ and calcined dolomite as activators, and the strength of hardened body would be developed by forming compacted microstructure.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.10c
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• pp.151-156
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• 1998

Concrete structures is appeared the shrinkage after being harden of the hydration effect of cement. To overcome this disadvantage, expansive additives are used. In our country, the most popular expansive additives are hauyne(CSA) or free lime(free-CaO) systems. These expansive additives are used to expansive cement mortar or concrete materials. In this study, we analyzed the expansive property mechanism about the hydration reaction of the free lime systems and in particular we convinced size distributions of the free lime size affect the expansion ratio with expansion ratio with experiments. We carried out the experiment for the expansive properties by using the soundness molds and with various the humidity and dry setting conditions. The hydration reactions of the free lime affect the reaction properties according to the relative humidity by laboratory experiments.