• 건축역사연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2014

This paper aimed to identify the variation of layout in Hwangnyoungsa buddhist temple site based on studying published the excavation research paper and texts related to layout. According to earlier studies, in 1st construction period(553~569) of Hwangnyoungsa, there were trisection spaces with one main hall and two corridors in inner part and then in 2nd period(584~645), unified one. But actually trisection spaces had been maintained until the middle part of 8th century. And in each space there was the main hall with large yard. That is the 2nd period layout of Hwangnyoungsa. For the attainment this result, each building remains are judged under duplicated situation which one was the previous and next by consideration of the construction condition and special features of foundation. Although the meaning of trisection system of Hwangnyoungsa is similar with the layout of ancient palace, it could be said to derive from accumulation excavation research in Silla's archeological site and such studies.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2021

This study tries to shed light on character and architectural features of the 2nd construction of Bunhwangsa temple in the mid-8th century. The site of Bunhwangsa Temple is divided into upper and lower areas based on retaining walls running from northwest to southeast, and the main area of the temple centered on Geumdang(the main hall) is located in the upper area. Space composition of the lower area including Wonji(a garden pond) and Gangdang(a lecture hall), is noteworthy in that Bunhwangsa Temple was constructed in a deviating way from rigorous constructional disciplines and used their space efficiently. The Geumdang in the 2nd construction was the largest worship hall with 7×6 bays. The hall was designed to divide its space into two ; the core space was surrounded by outer space. Each gap between columns in the hall was narrowed from center to outer. The main construction of the Geumdang was built as a stable structure with lead-to corridors. This was a much-advanced style than Geumdang at Hwangnyongsa Temple. The Gangdang is presumed to be a large building site as a typical Gangdang style in the Silla era. It was built in the late 9th century and was located in the northern part of the retaining walls. The composition of the middle gate and southern corridors were in double and long corridor style and they were located in front of the 2nd construction. This style coincided in the form of the architectural style of the Hwangnongsa Temple. The 2nd construction of the Bunhwangsa Temple was smaller than the Hwangnongsa Temple. However, it was a prestigious architecture.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2015

The present study is aimed to reconsider the time of installation and the purpose of the square footstone located at the center of the wooden pagoda in Hwangnyongsa Temple, based on related precedent studies. Precedent studies are divided into two streams of assertions: one is that the square footstone was to support the major pillars at the time of building and the other is that it was installed to store Buddhist reliquaries inside the central foundation stone after the wood pagoda burnt down in the Invasion of Mongol. Summarizing the grounds with which the precedent studies support their assertions, they are the relation with Gaseopbul Yeonjwaseok, the emerging time of the square footstone, repairing work at the level of reconstruction, additional enshrinement of general Buddhist reliquaries and so on. The present study reviewed the key grounds suggested in the previous studies regarding the square footstone. First, it was determined that the square footstone has nothing to do with Gaseopbul Yeonjwaseok, after looking into the timings of appearance, condition and shape in literatures. Rather, it was assumed that Gaseopbul Yeonjwaseok resembles a stone column. Next, the square footstone is assumed to be installed after the 4th year of King Kwangjong's rule because the wood pagoda was lost in fire in the 4th year of Kwangjong's rule and it had been left alone for 68 years until the repair work finished in the 13th year of King Hyunjong. It is assumed that repair works at the level of reconstruction had been twice in total, say, once during King Kyungmun and Hyunjong, respectively. Next, looking into the establishment of the general Buddhist reliquaries and the repair work during King Kyungmun, it was not common then to enshrine additional Buddhist reliquaries when repair work progressed and so there was not an additional enshrinement of Buddhist reliquaries after King Kyungmun. However, it is hard to decide that there was no repair work at the level of reconstruction at that time. Last, we can find a similar case to the square footstone of the wood pagoda in Hwangnyongsa Temple in the copper pagoda in Japanese Yaksasa Temple. In conclusion, it is assumed that the wooden pagoda in Hwangnyongsa Temple was lost to the fire in the 4th year of King Kwangjong's rule and thus the square footstone had been used as Jinho stone to protect Buddhist reliquaries and used as a propping stone for the major pillars after King Hyungjong.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.9-22
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• 1997

The Wooden Stupa of Hwangnyongsa Temple, existed from Shilla to Koryo Dynasty, is recognized as a typical model of the Korean wooden stupa. The related records on this stupa are found in some historical documents including The Chronicles of the Three States ${\ulcorner}$三國史記${\lrcorner}$. This study, through the interpretation of these documents, attempts to discuss and analyse design and structural methods of the stupa, viz., i) the relationship with both Chinese and Japanese wooden stupa, ii) the height, iii) each floor's linking methods, iv) the 'Noban' (Basement of the upper part), v) structure of the 'Simju' (Central pillar) and vi) the stairs and the handrails. The results of this study would be hopefully used for the further researches as well as the restoration of this precious architectural asset.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.27-41
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• 2019

This study covered the features and development process of the stylobate of the Sumijwa style, which emerged in Silla around the late 7th century. In the Period of North and South Dynasties, Sumijwa was used as the seat of the Buddha. It was used as a stylobate of tower in the Sui Dynasty and as a stylobate of central buildings in the Tang Dynasty, raising the status of buildings. In the late 7th century, Silla faithfully embodied Buddhist view of the world under its architecture by accepting the latest stylobate of the Sumijwa style. The pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple is believed to be the beginning of the stylobate of the Sumijwa style, in Silla. Gradually, in the central buildings within the capital, the stylobate of the Sumijwa style became common. Starting with Bulguksa Temple's Daeungjeon Hall, the materials of stylobate and staircaes will be integrated from the late 8th century. Silla's stylobate of the Sumijwa style can be evaluated as a step-by-step leap in religious, political, technical and aesthetic's terms.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제4권
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• pp.17-21
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• 2003

황룡사지 9층목탑지 사리공 출토 금동팔각사리소탑의 보존처리를 실시하였다. X-선 조사를 통해 옥개 방사상으로 문양이 존재하고 있음을 새롭게 밝혀졌다. 도금층은 아말감도금에 의해 이루어졌으며, 하나로 조성되기 전에 각각을 먼저 도금하였다. 결실부위를 복원하고 받침대와 지지대를 만들어서 기단부, 상판, 탑신, 옥개의 순으로 조립하였다.

• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2018

The two recent excavations at the site of Beopsusa Temple in Seongju revealed that it contained eight building remains, three pedestrian facilities, four drainage facilities, two walls, three embankments, and an estimated pagoda remain. Even though this investigation was restricted to some sections of the site, it confirmed remains of architectural significance and thus attracted the attention of concerned researchers. This study thus set out to make an architectural survey of the site based on the excavation results and examine the characteristics and nature of remains of Buildings No.2 and 3 at the site. The planar analysis results show that Building No.2 (Remains 2-2) at the site of Beopsusa Temple was a gable-roofed building with a single story including 6 kan(間) in the front and 4 kan(間) in the flank and that Building No.3 (Remains 3-3) was a single-story building with a hipped-and-gable roof including 5 kan(間) in the front and 3 kan(間) in the flank. The most noteworthy remain of this excavation was the north-south square platform discovered at the Building No.2 at the site. It is estimated as a high chair platform used for Buddhist sermons. It was confirmed only at the lecture hall remains of Hwangnyongsa Temple and Anyangsa Temple in the nation and had never been found at remains related to Chinese and Japanese Buddhist Temples, being regarded as a very important and unique artifact. Since it was found at the remains of Building No.2, they was estimated as the lecture hall remain at the site. Found at the remains of Building No.3 at the site, the oblong altar remains were also very unique and rare and never found at other Buddhist temple sites. The inside of oblong altar was evenly covered with roof tiles instead of rubble, and there were small crushed stones for internal division, which is an altar construction method distinctly different from its counterparts at other Buddhist temple sites. Those findings raise the possibility high that a wooden facility was put up at the top of oblong remains.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.241-268
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• 2022

문화재 관련 기록물은 문화재에 대한 구체적인 증거이며 보존에 있어 중요한 근거자료 역할을 하므로 문화재만큼이나 중요한 의미가 있다. 특히 국가적이나 사회적으로 중요한 가치를 가진 특정 문화재인 경우 해당 문화재가 하나의 주제로 다양한 연구가 진행되고 문화재를 주제로 한 프로그램이 기획되는 경우가 많다. 그러나 유명한 문화재를 중심으로 생산되는 기록물은 긴 시간 동안 발생하면서 분산되어 관리되어 왔고 다양한 형태로 나타나고 있어 해당 기록물의 범위와 소재, 내용을 파악하기 어렵다. 이와 같은 문제들의 해결 방안으로, 이 연구는 황룡사와 같이 사회적, 역사적 가치를 가지는 주요 문화재를 중심으로 발생하는 관련 기록물을 11개 공공기관 및 웹서비스에서 수집하여 기록물의 유형, 기록물과 관련된 활동, 메타데이터 분석을 통해 전체 기록물의 범위와 관계를 파악할 수 있는 온톨로지 설계를 하여 특정 문화재 중심으로 기록물을 이해할 수 있도록 하고자 하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.46-61
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• 2023

삼척 흥전리사지는 2014년부터 2020년까지 시·발굴조사를 통해 서원인 예불영역과 동원인 생활영역으로 나누어진 다원식 가람이라는 것이 밝혀졌다. 흥전리사지의 시·발굴에서 금동투조장식과 청동정병, 금동사자진병향로의 사자 등 비교적 다양한 불교공예품이 출토되었다. 흥전리사지의 서원 금당지 출토 금동투조장식은 불전 장엄에 사용했던 금동번으로 추정되고 현재까지 발견된 통일신라의 금동투조장식 중 가장 수준 높은 예로 왕경에서 제작한 것으로 보인다. 동원 출토 금동사자진병향로의 사자와 청동정병은 생활영역에서 출토된 공양구로 행향 등의 의례에 사용했을 것으로 보인다. 사자진병향로는 왕경보다는 지방에서 출토된 것들이 제작시기가 앞서고 있어 지방에서 왕경으로 전파된 것으로 보이고, 청동정병은 석굴암 범천의 지물로도 표현되고 있어 8세기 후반 이전 왕경에 군지형 정병이 있었을 것으로 보이나 출토품이 없어 영향관계는 추후에 밝혀야 할 것으로 생각된다. 청동대접과 청동합은 왕경의 월지와 황룡사지, 인왕동사지 출토품과 유사하여 왕경의 청동기명이 지방으로 확산된 것으로 생각된다. 청동인장은 흥전리사지 이외의 지방에서도 출토되었지만, 황룡사지 출토품과 형식과 인장의 서체 등이 동일하여 『삼국사기』 문무왕조의 기록처럼 왕경에서 제작하여 보낸 것으로 보았다. 더불어 인장의 '범웅관아지인(梵雄官衙之印)'은 흥전리사지가 당시 승단조직과 관련된 것을 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다. 삼척 흥전리사지 출토 불교공예품은 '국통(國統)'명 비편 등의 내용으로 보아 비의 주인공이었던 선종 승려가 선종 사찰에서 9세기 전반에서 중반 경에 사용했던 것으로 보인다. 또한 금동투조장식과 금동사자진병향로의 사자, '범웅관아지인'의 청동인장 등의 제작수준으로 보아 흥전리사지의 사격은 상당히 높았던 것으로 보이며, 9세기 전반에서 중반경 통일신라의 왕경과 지방의 공예품이 일방적인 영향이 아니라 양방향의 영향이 있었다는 것을 보여주는 중요한 예라고 할 수 있다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

In ancient times, architectural design was seen as a critical task in building technologies. Specifically, form, dimension and structural design are of significant. These aspects are associated with each other and to be emerged as a whole. Designing plan dimension was deemed to be the core of design technology due to its close relationship with module system. Thus, its evolution as well as development process typically represents and reflects the spirits and contents of design technologies in ancient China. In China, the materials regarding ancient architectural technology include Yingzaofashi(營造法式) of Song Dynasty and Gongchengzuofazeli(工程做法則例) of Qing Dynasty. They show many aspects concerning materials, structure, scale system and building. In Yingzaofashi, although the length of objects are decided by 'cai(材)' and 'fen(分)', there are no regulations on length, width and height of a building. However, in the construction of ancient buildings, the above mentioned basic scales are very important in both design and construction. The present paper attempts to discuss the significance, namely, the design principles of length, with and height of ancient chinese architecture.