• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2002

연구 목적：ADHD 아동을 대상으로 DSM-Ⅳ 진단기준을 이용하여 세 아형으로 분류한 후, 임상적 특징과 신경심리학적 차이를 비교하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법：연구는 1998년 7월부터 2001년 7월까지 주의력결핍 증상을 주소로 영남대학교 부속병원 정신과를 내원하여 ADHD로 진단된 6~15세 아동을 대상으로 하였고, 신경정신과적 공존질환이나 신경학적 이상이 있는 아동은 배제하여 총 404명으로부터 자료를 얻었다. DSM-Ⅳ 진단기준을 사용하여 아형으로 분류하였고, ADHD-C형이 234명(57.9%), ADHD-Ⅰ형이 156명(38.6%), ADHD-HI형이 14명(3.5%)이었다. 평균 연령은 9.63±2.49세였다. 약물치료 시작 전에, 정신병리평가, 지능 평가, 행동증상평가, 신경심리학적 실행기능에 대해 각각 평가를 하였다. 평가도구로는 정신병리를 평가하기 위해 한국아동인성검사(K-PIC)를, ADHD행동증상을 평가하기 위해 4종의 설문지형 평가도구인 한국판 주의력결핍장애 평가척도-가정판(ADDES-HV), ADD-H comprehensive teacher’s rating scale(ACTeRS), 한국형 소아기 집중력 문제척도(CAP)와 SNAP을 이용하였다. 지능은 K-ABC와 KEDI-WISC로 평가하였고, 주의력 및 실행기능검사는 Conner의 연속수행검사(CPT), 위스콘신분류검사(WCST), 정지신호검사(SST)를 사용하였다. 결 과：세 아형 별 비교에서 ADHD-C형이 가장 많았고 ADHD-Ⅰ, ADHD-HI 순 이었다. 아형간 남녀성별에 따른 유병율 차이는 보이지 않았다. 연령은 ADHD-Ⅰ형이 가장 높았다(p<.001). 정신병리평가에서 비행 과잉행동 정신증 점수는 ADHD-C형과 ADHD-HI형이 ADHD-Ⅰ형보다 높게 나타났고(p<.05), ADHD-C형에서 가족관계의 문제와 자폐증 점수가 ADHD-Ⅰ형보다 높게 나타났으며(p<.05), 자아탄력성 점수는 ADHD-Ⅰ형 보다 낮았다(p<.05). 불안, 우울, 신체화 증상은 세 아형간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 아형별 행동증상측정 결과 ADHD-C형이 ADHD-Ⅰ형보다 주의력결핍, 과잉행동, 충동성 점수가 더 높게 나타났다(p<.05). 단, 교사가 평가하는 ACTeRS에 의한 결과는 ADHD-HI형에서 주의력 결핍 증상과 과잉행동점수가 더 높았다(p<.05). 아형간 지능의 비교에서는 K-ABC를 이용한 평가에서 ADHD-HI 형이 순차처리항목과 계산능력에서 유의하게 높았고(p<.05), KEDI-WISC를 이용한 평가에서는 ADHD- HI형은 대상수가 소수여서 비교할 수 없었으며, ADHD-C형과 ADHD-Ⅰ형 사이에 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. CPT, WCST, SST를 이용한 신경심리학적 실행기능의 비교에서 아형간 계량적인 차이는 있었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결 론：결론적으로 ADHD 세 아형은 임상적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보였지만, 실행기능상 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 향후 보다 잘 고안 된 연구와 발달중인 아동에 적절한 신경심리 평가 도구의 개발을 통해 결과를 보완해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.902-912
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• 2020

Objective: Mongolia is one of a few countries that supports over 25 million goats, but genetic diversity, demographic history, and the origin of goat populations in Mongolia have not been well studied. This study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity, phylogenetic status and population structure of Mongolian native goats, as well as to discuss their origin together with other foreign breeds from different countries using hypervariable region 1 (HV1) in mtDNA. Methods: In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of Mongolian native goat populations using a 452 base-pair long fragment of HVI of mitochondrial DNA from 174 individuals representing 12 populations. In addition, 329 previously published reference sequences from different regions were included in our phylogenetic analyses. Results: Investigated native Mongolian goats displayed relatively high genetic diversities. After sequencing, we found a total of 109 polymorphic sites that defined 137 haplotypes among investigated populations. Of these, haplotype and nucleotide diversities of Mongolian goats were calculated as 0.997±0.001 and 0.0283±0.002, respectively. These haplotypes clearly clustered into four haplogroups (A, B, C, and D), with the predominance of haplogroup A (90.8%). Estimates of pairwise differences (Fst) and the analysis of molecular variance values among goat populations in Mongolia showed low genetic differentiation and weak geographical structure. In addition, Kazakh, Chinese (from Huanghuai and Leizhou), and Arabian (Turkish and Baladi breeds) goats had smaller genetic differentiation compared to Mongolian goats. Conclusion: In summary, we report novel information regarding genetic diversity, population structure, and origin of Mongolian goats. The findings obtained from this study reveal that abundant haplogroups (A to D) occur in goat populations in Mongolia, with high levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제67권6호
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• pp.528-535
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• 2009

Background: Dust clouds blown by the wind from the arid deserts of Mongolia and Northeast China are known as Asian dust storms. Ambient particulate matter with a diameter <10 ${\mu}m$ ($PM_{10}$) is associated with the exacerbation of respiratory diseases and increased mortality of heart and lung disease patients. The fibrotic effects of $PM_{10}$ of Asian dust to pulmonary fibroblast cells are unknown. This study examined the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TGF-${\beta}$, NF-${\kappa}B$, PDGF-$\alpha$ and Fibronectin in fibroblasts exposed to Asian dust particles. Methods: Air samples were collected using a high volume air sampler (Sibata model HV500F) with an air flow of 500 L/min for at least 6 hours. The MRC-5 cells were exposed to 0, 50 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ of $PM_{10}$ for 24 hours. ROS was detected by measuring the level of oxidized DCF using FACS. TGF-$\beta$, NF-${\kappa}B$, PDGF-$\alpha$ and fibronectin were detected by western blotting. Results: There was no increase in the ROS, TGF-$\beta$ and PDGF-$\alpha$ levels in the MRC-5 cells exposed to $PM_{10}$. The NF-${\kappa}B$ level was higher in the MRC-5 cells exposed to 50 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ of $PM_{10}$ for 24 hours. The fibronectin level in the MRC-5 cells after 24 hours incubation with 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ $PM_{10}$ was significantly higher than the control group ($PM_{10}$ 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ 113.27${\pm}$8.65 of control, p=0.005). Conclusion: $PM_{10}$ from Asian dust increases the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and fibronectin expression in MRC-5 fibroblast cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

Gammaherpesvirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has been linked to various neurological diseases, including meningitis, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis. However, little is known about the interactions between the virus and the CNS in vitro or in vivo. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68 or ${\gamma}HV-68$) is genetically related and biologically similar to human gammaherpesviruses, thereby providing a tractable animal model system in which to study both viral pathogenesis and replication. In the present study, we show the successful infection of cultured neuronal cells, microglia, and astrocytes with MHV-68 to various extents. Upon intracerebroventricular injection of a recombinant virus (MHV-68/LacZ) into 4-5-week-old and 9-10-week-old mice, the 4-5-week-old mice displayed high mortality within 5-7 days, while the majority of the 9-10-week-old mice survived until the end of the experimental period. Until a peak at 3-4 days post-infection, viral DNA replication and gene expression were similar in the brains of both mouse groups, but only the 9-10-week-old mice were able to subdue viral DNA replication and gene expression after 5 days post-infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin $1{\beta}$, and interleukin 6 were highly induced in the brains of the 4-5-week-old mice, suggesting their possible contributions as neurotoxic factors in the age-dependent control of MHV-68 replication of the CNS.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.651-661
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• 1994

급냉응고법과 기계적합금화를 병행하여 자동차 산업용 부품에 널리 사용되고 있는 AC4A 합금에 열적으로 안정한 $SiC_p$세라믹 입자를 첨가하여 가공경화 및 미세균일화에 의한 분산강호 효과를 갖는 복합재료를 제조하고, 그에 따른 기계적특성을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 420분간 기계적합금화를 시켰을 때 10~20$\mu \textrm{m}$ 정도의 미세하고 균일한 구형의 복합분말을 얻을수 있었으며, 이 상태에서 정상상태를 의미하는 포화 경도값이 나타났다. 기계적합금화에 따른 분말의 X-선 회절시험에서 기계적 합금화 시간에 따라 결정립 미세화와 불균일 변형에 의해 강도가 떨어지고, 회절폭이 넓어진다. 분말 압출재의 시효경화는 1000분 시효에서 최대 경도값을 나타낸다. 인장시험에 있어서 압출재는 주조재에 비해 2배 이상의 인장값을 얻을 수 있었으며, $500^{\circ}C$에서도 우수한 인장값을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.1427-1438
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• 2007

비디오 워터마킹은 일반적으로 네 가지의 타입으로 분류되어진다. 첫 번째로는 원 비디오 신호에 워터마크를 삽입한 후 부호화하는 것으로 대부분의 비디오 워터마킹 기법이 이에 속한다. 두 번째로는 블록 DCT, 양자화 등의 부호화 과정에 워터마크를 삽입하는 것이고, 세 번째로는 부호화된 비트스트림에 워터마크를 삽입하는 것으로 이를 라벨링(labeling)이라고도 한다. 마지막으로 네 번째로는 움직임 벡터에 워터마크를 삽입하는 것으로, 이는 높은 복잡도가 요구되며 블록화 현상과 같은 화질 열화가 발생된다. 본 논문에서는 움직임 벡터 추정을 이용한 I 프레임 상에서 SPIHT 기반의 비디오 부호화에 워터마크를 삽입하는 방법을 제안한다. 이는 블록 DCT 기반의 부호화기에 발생되는 블록화 현상을 제거하고, 점진적 전송 특성을 가진다. 제안한 방법에서는 I 프레임 상에서 이전 P 또는 B 예측 프레임으로부터 움직임 벡터를 추정한 후에 이를 기반으로 워터마크 삽입 영역을 선택한다. 그리고 DWT를 수행하여 워터마크 삽입 영역 상에서 움직임 벡터의 방향과 동일한 부대역 상의 웨이브릿 계수를 HVS에 기반하여 워터마크를 삽입한다. 마지막으로 SPIHT 부호화기에 의하여 워터마크가 삽입된 비디오 비트스트림을 생성한다. 실험 결과로부터 제안한 방법이 객관적 및 주관적인 화질 측면에서 우수한 비가시성을 확인하였고, 다양한 압축률 및 MPEG 재부호화 등에 대하여 우수한 강인성을 확인하였다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 Heusler $Fe_2VAl$ 열전화합물을 제조하기 위하여 순금속 $Fe_{50}V_{25}Al_{25}$ 혼합분말을 기계적 합금화 처리하였다. $Fe_2VAl$ 열전화합물을 얻기 위하여 최적 볼밀조건 및 열처리 조건을 X선 회절분석과 시차주사 열량분석을 이용하여 조사하였다. $Fe_{50}V_{25}Al_{25}$ 혼합분말을 60시간까지 볼밀 처리한 경우 bcc 구조의 ${\alpha}$-(Fe,V,Al) 고용체가 얻어졌다. 단상의 Heusler $Fe_2VAl$ 화합물은 $Fe_{50}V_{25}Al_{25}$ 혼합분말을 60시간 동안 MA 처리 후 $700^{\circ}C$까지 열처리함으로써 얻을 수 있었다. MA 분말시료의 치밀화를 위하여 인가압력 60 MPa 및 소결온도 $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$에서 흑연다이를 사용하여 SPS 소결을 실시하였다. $1000^{\circ}C$에서 SPS 소결 후 얻어진 벌크체의 Vickers 경도는 870으로 매우 높은 값을 보였다. 또한 SPS 법으로 얻어진 벌크체의 밀도측정 결과, 모든 시료에서 상대밀도 90 % 이상의 금속광택을 나타내는 치밀한 소결체임을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2017

Purpose: This study provided the basic data for selection the zirconia block and CAM by means of marginal fitness observations, flexural strength test and hardness test. Methods: Three dental zirconia blocks(ABCera, NaturaZ, ST98) and two dental milling machines(CAD/CAM MS, DWX-50) were used in this study. Metal abutment(diameter 10 mm, height 5 mm, inclined angle $3^{\circ}$ taper, 1 mm chamfer margin) was fabricated by Ti customized abutment, and then zirconia copings were fabricated for each ten specimens. Silicone replica technique was used to observe the marginal fitness of cross-sections with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}50$ magnification. The dental zirconia blocks was cut into 10 pieces each having a size of $25mm{\times}5mm{\times}1mm$, and fabricated according to the manufacturer's instructions, and flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine. For hardness test, a micro Vickers hardness tester was used as it was in the flexural strength test. Statistical analysis was performed by one way ANOVA and post-test was performed by Scheffe test. Results: For marginal fitness of bucco-lingual axial, ZU group($59.7{\pm}10.3{\mu}m$) was the lowest, followed by RA, ZA, ZD, RD, RU. For marginal fitness of mesio-distal axial, ZU group($59.3{\pm}10.2{\mu}m$) was the lowest, followed by RA, ZA, RD, ZD, RU. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant difference between groups(p<0.05). For flexural strength, ABCera block($718.0{\pm}57.2MPa$) was the highest, followed by NaturaZ, ST98. For hardness, ABCera block($1550.3{\pm}19.8Hv$) was the highest, followed by ST98, NaturaZ. There was no significant difference in flexural strength and hardness between blocks(p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the type of dental zirconia block did influence the marginal fitness, and all dental zirconia blocks are expected to be suitable for clinical application. The highest flexural strength and hardness were ABCera block, and no statistically significant difference was observed.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2007

The subject of study concerns the color characteristics of clothing/accessories from �Chosun�a nd modern Korea. It particularly focuses on the colors of the �Jeogori? traditional jacket) which represents Korean traditional clothing. Color data were collected from 353 woman�s �Jegori�s from �Chosun�a nd modern Korea and divided into the predominant colors & sub colors, and analyzed with HV/C and PCCS. According to the analysis, the representative the predominant color of 'Chosun Jeogori' for woman is YR, Y and side one is R, YR. The p, dp, sf, ltg colors are frequently found and the freshness of most of them is medium or low which shows a calm-feeling. The p, and ltg tones are often found as a the predominant color and p, dp are also often found as a the side color. In the 'Chosun Jeogori' for woman, the predominant colors and the side colors spread in a similar frequency and most of them have medium or low freshness of the color that shows a calm-feeling. The side color is one of the R colors and it shows characteristics of traditional coloring such as �Jajoo Goreum? Among the �Jeogori�f or modern women, the R, YR, Y, and B colors are often used for the single-color �Jeogori? the Y, GY, N, G colors are for the colorful �Jeogori? The P, lt, and b tons of the color are often used for a single-color �Jeogori�a nd the p, lt, and W are for the colorful �Jeogori? For the colorful �Jeogori? the side color have a high freshness which shows that a strong image was used frequently as the dp, s, dk tons of the color were often used. According to an analysis of the coloring, the predominant color and the side color of �Chosun Jeogori�a re applied to create a harmony of analogy & contrast in one aspect of Moon & Spencer�s view. It is found that the predominant color and the side color are similar or contrasting in one view of the color harmony, except that the traditional the �Jeogori�i s colored by ideological and symbolic meanings. The predominant color and the side color of modern the �Jeogori�a re complementary colors which are applied to the indistinct relationship or contrasting harmony in one aspect of Moon & Spencer�s view of the color harmony. The characteristics of the color as above show that traditional the �Jeogori�r egards the side color as both the harmony of the colors in general and also of symbolic meaning, while modern the �Jeogori�f or woman has a tendency toward a cultural transition and is mixed with new colors focusing more on its the predominant color than on the general harmony and character of ideological & traditional coloring.

• 복식
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.108-125
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic information necessary to develop sports uniform design by comparing and analyzing the color features and images of professional football uniforms in Korea and foreign countries. The subjects of this study were limited to 5 top leagues in Europe (Premier League, Primera Liga, Bundesliga, Serie A, and Ligue 1) as well as J-League, and K-League. This study was done using the 2012/2013 season home and away uniforms for European leagues and 2013 season home and away uniforms for Korean and Japan leagues. Using the Adobe photoshop CS2 eyedropper tool, color chips and RGB values were extracted from digital images and converted into HV/C of Munsell Conversion. Finally, a total of 735 colors were used for the analysis. The color image scale by Shigenobu Kobayashi was used to position the color images. The results are as follows. First, the color analysis of professional football uniforms in leagues suggested that chromatic color (53.7%) was more prevalent than achromatic color (46.3%). The two most common colors of the ten chromatic colors were R(19.7%) and PB(18.0%), followed by Y(5.4%), RP(2.0%), G(1.9), GY(1.8%), B(1.6%), YR(1.5%), P(1.1%), and BG(0.7%). Second, for the color tone comparison and analysis of professional football uniforms in leagues, the most commonly used color tone was W(28.4%), followed by v(25.5%), Bk(16.3%), s(5.8%), dk(5.2%), b/lt(5.2%), dp(3.0%), sf(2.0%), ltGy(1.0%), p(0.5%), G/dkGy(0.4%), and ltg/mGy (0.1%). Third, for the comparison and analysis of color and color tone of professional football uniforms in leagues, W(28.4%), R(v)(17.7%), and Bk(16.3%) were commonly used. Finally, for the comparison and analysis of color images of professional football uniforms in leagues, the most commonly used color image was a casual image(31.8%), followed by modern image(26.5%), dynamic12.8%), cool casual(12.0%), gorgeous(9.3%), clear(6.6%), chic(3.5%), and elegant images. Dandy, classical, romantic and pretty images(0.4% respectively) were also used.