• 한국의류학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.776-787
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• 2020

This study investigated physiological and subjective responses to different types of firefighter station uniforms made with various designs and materials. Six healthy males participated in this study that consisted of 20 min of rest, 30 min of treadmill exercise, and 30 min of recovery in a hot and humid environment (34℃ and 65%RH). The experimental clothing conditions were as follows. 1) a fitted T-shirt and trouser made of 100% polyester (FC-Uniform), and 2) flame retardant T-shirts made of acrylic and cotton as well as trousers with aramid and polyester, designed for overfitting (Control). There were no significant differences in the body temperature, and sweat rate between the two conditions; however, the heart rate with the FC-Uniform was significantly lower than Control (p=.025). The clothing microclimate temperature at the chest of the FC-Uniform was significantly lower than the Control (p=.037), and a difference of 1℃ was maintained until the recovery was complete. There were no significant differences in the subjective responses; however, participants experienced a humidity sensation faster with FC-Uniform in the recovery phase. The results indicate that changes in the design and material of firefighter station uniforms may have a positive influence on reducing the thermal stress of firefighters.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.981-991
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the practicability of an experimental protective clothing by identifying the human body's physiological responses to it as well as the human body's comfort level when wearing it, particularly with the use of a processed charcoal material. The experimental protective clothing came in two types: one whose outer side made use of polypropylene film, and the inner side, a non-woven rayon fabric; and one whose inner side made use of a non-woven fabric processed with charcoal with a 10% density. Experiments were conducted on five healthy adult women whose average age was 21. These experiments were conducted at a climatic chamber, in which the temperature and relative humidity were set below $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;50{\pm}10%$, respectively, and were measured within a period of 60min, consisting of a 20-min rest period, a 20-min exercise period, and a 20-min recovery period. Based on the results of this study, the efficiency of the processed charcoal material was reviewed, and a database requiring the production of more functional and comfortable protective clothing materials was established.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.474-481
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• 2018

For this study, we developed clothing in which textile materials that were excellent weather control function for the cold environment and we performed the human subject test with developed clothing to determine the thermal comfort. We used 2 clothing samples developed (A and B, hollow yarn+moisture absorption/quick drying yarn, 3 layers, high stretchable, heat reflection film and lamination treated) and a control sample (Ctrl.) for the human subject test and 8 adult males were used as a human subjects and environmental conditions of chamber were $0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. $50{\pm}5%RH$, 0.3m/sec. The results were as follows: The average skin temperature and hand, thigh temperature of B were higher than B and Ctrl. (p<.05). The micro-climates of B were near to thermal comfort range which is $32{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}10%\;RH$. The chest temperature of B was significantly higher than others (p<.05). The relative humidity of B was lower than others and kept stable rather than others. The thermal sensation of B was near the "neutral" and was significantly different from Ctrl. (p<.01) and the weight loss of B was lower than Ctrl. (p<.05). The counting task and hand temperature was positively related and the counting task value of B and A is bigger than Ctrl. and that of A was bigger than Ctrl. (p<.05).

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.317-328
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• 2012

In this study, printing was introduced to the common dip-dyeing method of persimmon juice dyeing so as to develop two different colored persimmon juice dyed fabrics with printings of 'jorangmal' patterns (a national monument) instead of producing a plain textile. Following are the results of a comparative study between the persimmon dyed fabric and undyed fabric, both with printings, in terms of its properties, and hand values. Cotton and rayon were chosen as samples and were compared separately. Firstly, the samples showed differences in terms of clarity and visual sensation depending on the presence of persimmon dye, even if the same pattern and color was used. Secondly, the air permeability of two samples improved after persimmon dyeing even though their thickness increased, and their moisture regain increased as well in all humidity conditions. Thirdly, protectiveness against UV increased in dyed samples, and sweat, sunlight, and compound colorfastness improved in printed dye-fabrics compared to plain dyed ones. Therefore, printing proved to be effective in preventing discoloration. Fourthly, tensile linearity and resilience, bending rigidity, compressive linearity and resilience, and shearing stiffness increased more in the dyed samples compared to undyed ones. However, shearing recovery decreased in both dyed fabrics. Fifthly, the result of its hand value showed that Koshi value increased in all samples than undyed ones, whereas Fukurami, Numeri, and Softosa values decreased. Incorporating printing in persimmon dyeing process could expect creative outcomes not only in today's diverse fashion but in areas of arts or crafts as well.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1806-1816
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• 2009

This study analyzes the efficiency of a solar cell attached to an air circulation jacket. A commercially available silicon solar panel was selected and attached at four spots where the body angle was $40-60^{\circ}$ and voltage ($V_{oc}$, V), current ($I_{sc}$, A), and output power (P, W) were measured to determine the efficiency. The solar panel was applied to the outer jacket that operates with two fans to increase the convection that lowers the body temperature. The heavy work of standing, walking, and sweeping of a street sweeper was simulated in the field test. The microclimate within the jacket (with or without a fan) was measured and the subjective thermal, humidity, and comfort sensations were surveyed. SPSS 12.0 statistical package was used for a t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results show that the highest efficiency of the solar cell was at the incident angle of $60^{\circ}$ in terms of voltage, current and output power distribution. The microclimate temperature of the air circulation jacket decreased significantly with the high power of the fan and subjects felt cooler than the jacket with a fan at the incident angle of $60^{\circ}$. Air circulation jackets operated by a silicon solar panel showed a significant cooling effect on the wearers.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2005

The experiment aimed at knowing the effect of physiology and psychology according to season on color preference. Two tests, one of the spring and the other of the autumn was conducted. Seventy subjects with normal color vision served as subjects. The subjects entered a bioclimatic chamber controlled at a temperature of $25\pm1^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity of $50\pm5\%$ and a light of 1000 1x. The subjects wearing white shirts and trousers sat quietly on a sofa for one our. Sensation from warm to cool colors might be possibly different individually Therefore, a subject asked to array 41 randomly placed cloth colors from very warm to very cool colors during rest quietly for one our. All subjects arrayed these cloth colors in the order from red through yellow and green to blue, which had the reproducibility. After rest, they were instructed to choose a single one out of 41 cloth colors, preferred by themselves, every 10min during one our 0-ring test were measured to red, yellow, white, blue, black, favorite color, and dislike color. Most subjects preferred warmer color in April than in December. Tympanic temperature was significantly lower in December than in April. Finger presser was significantly higher in like color than in dislike color but it was no significant differences between spring and autumn. The preferring the warm color in April toward summer when basal metabolic rate is decreased than in December toward winter when it is increased can explain that physiology reaction by load error between actual core temperature and set-point induces psychological reaction to pursue visual alliesthesia. Our present experiment revealed that the preferred color could be determined by the relationship between the internal temperature and its set point according to season. It should be emphasized that the alliesthesia was observed also in the realm of visual system.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1162-1172
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• 1997

The actual thermal environment and bedclimate on Ondol were investigated by the regions and housing styles in each season. The subject were sixty healthy men and women, 30 of them live in apartment, and 30 of them live in detached house. 20 of them live in Wonju, 20 of them live in Cheongju and 20 of them live in Pusan. The results are as follows: 1) The subject slept in this conditions; 23.1$\pm$2.4$^{\circ}C$ and 38$\pm$8.8% RH in spring, 27.1$\pm$1.5$^{\circ}C$ and 68$\pm$6.4% RH in summer, 27.1$\pm$1.7$^{\circ}C$ and 47$\pm$11.1% RH in autumm, and 24.9$\pm$3.3$^{\circ}C$ and 41$\pm$10.7% R.H in winter The temperatures of the floors were 38.6$\pm$5.$0^{\circ}C$ in the spring, 26.7$\pm$1.9$^{\circ}C$ in the summer, 29.4$\pm$4.7$^{\circ}C$ in the autumm, and 30.0$\pm$5.8$^{\circ}C$ in the winter. 2) Each thickness of the quilts was thinner in the summer than in any other season, but the differences in the thickness of each mattress was not significant by the seasons. 3) The differences of the bedclimate and the clothing microclimate were significant by the regions and housing in each seasons. The inside of temperature and humidity of sleepwrar were highest in summer. The bedclimate showed high correlation with the clothing microclimate. 4) The differences in the sensation which the subjects felt about temperature and comfort of the bedroom conditions were not significant by the seasons, regions, or housing styles. But the subjects felt more humid in the summer and spring than in the autumm and winter.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.227-237
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• 2020

도시지역의 여름철 밤 시간대 열환경을 알아보기 위해, 토지피복 대분류에 따라 10개의 도시기후지역 지점에서 미기후 자료를 측정하여 인간 열환경지수를 분석하여 보았다. 미기후 요소 비교 분석 결과, 그린인프라 지역이 그레이인프라 지역보다 기온에서는 평균 1.6℃ 최대 2.4℃ 낮은 결과를 보였으며, 상대습도에서는 반대로 그린인프라 지역이 평균 9.0% 최대 15.0% 높은 결과를 보였다. 풍속에서는 그린인프라 지역과 그레이인프라 지역에서 차이가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 수목의 영향으로 가장 낮은 풍속을 보인 산림지점을 제외하고는 모든 지점에서 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타나, 건물이나 수목의 높이에 의해 결정되는 표면거칠기 뿐만 아니라 지역풍의 영향이 풍속을 결정하는 주 요인인 것으로 보인다. 평균복사온도에서는 수목의 영향으로 산림지역이 가장 높은 값을 보였으며, 산림지역을 제외하면 그린인프라 지역이 그레이인프라 지역에 비해 평균 5.5℃의 저감 효과를 보였다. 평균복사온도를 결정하는 주 요인으로는 하늘시계지수라고 할 수 있다. 인간 열환경지수 분석에서는 그린인프라 지역은 거의 덥지도 춥지도 않는 '중립'의 열지각 단계를 나타내었으며, 그레이인프라 지역은 그것보다 한 단계 높은 '약간 따뜻함'의 단계를 나타내었다. 가장 높게 나온 산림지역을 제외하면, 그린인프라 지역이 그레이인프라 지역에 비해 3.2℃ 저감 효과를 보여 1/2 단계의 인간 열환경 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 프로그램인 ENVI-met을 활용하여 여름철 도로 방향과 가로수 식재형태에 따른 도시공간의 열환경 개선 효과를 분석하였다. 수목 식재 시 낮 시간 동안의 기온과 풍속은 감소하고 상대습도는 증가하였다. 평균복사온도와 인간 열환경지수 PET(physiological equivalent temperature), UTCI(universal thermal climate index)는 수목 식재 시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 수목 식재 시 가장 큰 변화를 보인 기상요소는 평균복사온도로, PET와 UTCI 변화량 또한 평균복사온도와 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 가장 큰 저감효과를 보인 수목식재방법은 수고가 낮고, 수관폭이 넓고, 엽면적지수가 높은 수목을 좁은 간격으로 식재하는 시나리오(LWDN)였다. 평균복사온도, PET, UTCI는 태양의 고도 및 방위와 건물의 위치에 따른 그림자 형성 조건에 따라 큰 차이를 보였으며, 건물에 의한 태양복사에너지 차단이 클수록 수목에 의한 영향이 줄어들었다. 특히, 동측과 서측 보도에서는 시간대별 저감량에서 큰 차이를 보였다. 가장 저감효과가 큰 수목식재 시나리오인 LWDN으로 식재하였을 때 서측 방면에 위치한 북서, 서, 남서측 보도는 오전 시간대인 10:00에 수목이 없는 경우에 비해 PET 8.6-12.3℃, UTCI 4.2-4.5℃, 동측 방면에 위치한 북동, 동, 남동측 보도는 오후 시간대인 16:00에 PET 8.1-11.8℃, UTCI 4.4-5.0℃로 큰 저감효과를 보였다. 반면, 가장 저감효과가 적었던 수고가 높고, 수관폭이 좁으며, 엽면적지수가 낮은 수목을 넓은 간격으로 식재하였을 때 최대 저감량은 동측 방면 보도에서 PET 1.8℃, UTCI 0.9℃ 이하, 서측 방면 보도에서 PET 3℃, UTCI 0.9℃ 이하로 적은 저감효과를 보였다. 또한, 건물에 의한 영향으로 인해 수목영향이 적은 시간대에는 수목식재 시나리오 간 평균복사온도, PET, UTCI 저감효과의 차이가 크지 않았다. 이 연구결과는 가로수 식재 시 여름철 도시 열환경 저감을 위한 모델 개발에 기초자료로서 활용가능할 것이다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2017

Objective: This paper presents a study to evaluate the WBGT index for assessing the effects of a wide range of outdoor weather conditions on human responses. Background: The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index was firstly developed for the assessment of hot outdoor conditions. It is a recognised index that is used world-wide. It may be useful over a range of outdoor conditions and not just for hot climates. Method: Four group experiments, involving people performing a light stepping activity, were conducted to determine human responses to outside conditions in the U.K. They were conducted in September 2007 (autumn), December 2007 (winter), March 2008 (spring) and June 2008 (summer). Environmental measurements included WBGT, air temperature, radiant temperature (including solar load), humidity and wind speed all measured at 1.2m above the ground, as well as weather data measured by a standard weather station at 3m to 4m above the ground. Participants' physiological and subjective responses were measured. When the overall results of the four seasons are considered, WBGT provided a strong prediction of physiological responses as well as subjective responses if aural temperature, heart rate and sweat production were measured. Results: WBGT is appropriate to predict thermal strain on a large group of ordinary people in moderate conditions. Consideration should be given to include the WBGT index in warning systems for a wide range of weather conditions. However, the WBGT overestimated physiological responses of subjects. In addition, tenfold Borg's RPE was significantly different with heart rate measured for the four conditions except autumn (p<0.05). Physiological and subjective responses over 60 minutes consistently showed a similar tendency in the relationships with the $WBGT_{head}$ and $WBGT_{abdomen}$. Conclusion: It was found that either $WBGT_{head}$ or $WBGT_{abdomen}$ could be measured if a measurement should be conducted at only one height. The relationship between the WBGT values and weather station data was also investigated. There was a significant relationship between WBGT values at the position of a person and weather station data. For UK daytime weather conditions ranging from an average air temperature of $6^{\circ}C$ to $21^{\circ}C$ with mean radiant temperatures of up to $57^{\circ}C$, the WBGT index could be used as a simple thermal index to indicate the effects of weather on people. Application: The result of evaluation of WBGT might help to develop the smart clothing for workers in industrial sites and improve the work environment in terms of considering workers' wellness.