• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.10 s.200
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• pp.91-104
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of clothing microclimates and the subjective sensations according to age, gender and clothing weight for $19^{\circ}C$ air temperature. This study was done to gain fundamental data related to saving heating energy and to improve health through wearing underwear (long johns) in lower indoor temperatures. The subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females), and our experiment consisted of three conditions; the first condition was wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19CUW condition); the second condition was without wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19C condition); and the third condition was without wearing underwear in $24^{\circ}C$ air (24C condition). The experiment showed that the clothing microclimate temperature and humidity was the lowest in the 19C condition and the highest in the 24C condition irrespective of age and gender. The clothing microclimate in the 19CUW condition was not significantly distinguishable from the other conditions. Clothing microclimate temperature and humidity when the subjects responded thermal comfort was $28\~34^{\circ}C$ and $15\~40\%$RH without any significant difference according to age and gender. For the thermal sensation, the 24C condition was regarded as the warmest environment by the four groups, and the next preference was the 19CUW condition (p<0.001). Young females and old males showed a tendency to feel colder than young males and old females. For the thermal sensation of hands and feet, the young groups felt the warmest in the 24C condition and the coolest in the 19 C condition (p<0.001). However, old males felt neutral for the foot thermal sensation without any significant difference between the three conditions. Old females felt neutral for both the hands and feet thermal sensations without any significant difference between the three conditions. Thermal preference was the highest in the 24C condition for the 4 groups. In the 19CUW condition, for the thermal preference, most young males and females responded 'No change'; on the other hand, mea of the old responded 'Warmer'(p<0.001). It was the 24C condition that the 4 subject groups felt the most thermally comfortable. In the 19CUW condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group expressed satisfaction and in the 19C condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group, except young females, expressed satisfaction. In conclusion, in view of the clothing microclimate and subjective sensations, the 24C condition was the condition that gave subjects the least cold stress and the best subjective preference. However, the 19C condition and the 19CUW condition was not such a cold stress as to give healthy subjects a thermal burden.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.255-263
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• 1998

Dust-free garment prevents contamination which otherwise is caused by skin and clothes to protect from dust or dirt. Therefore, it requires high performance and should function as a working clothes. Clothes are a medium between human and thermal environmental system, and it is required to study human enviroment to ensure comfortableness of clothes and to satisfactorily go along with enviroment .This study investigates the physical and physiological features of dust-free garment used in the clean room at a semiconductor factory in oredr to scientifically clarify what the dust-free garmint is as well as to contribute to the design and development of high performance material and clothes. Three kinds of dust-free fabrics (DFG-I, DFG-II, DFG-III) which are being developed by a local company are used to manufacture dust-free garment. These dust-free garments are dressed and tested in such an enviroment as similar to semiconmemts with temperature at 23${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and humidity at 50${\pm}$5%RH in order to investigate the thermo physiological and psychological features of human body. The results of this study are as follows. The results of this study are as follows. 1.The mean skin temperature was significantly different among the clothes, subjects and experimental time. Temperature tends to rise from the time of exercising load. Continuous motion coupled sealed clothes prevents heat transmittance, and temperature rises in the order of DFG-l, DFG-ll and DFG-lll as time course. 2.As for the skin temperature by local timperature is minimun on the head and torso and increares remarkably at the terminal part of human body. 3. As for the body mass loss was significantly higher in DFG-lll than DFG-l and DFG-ll. 4. Though there is no significant difference in the temperature within clothes among the kind of clothes temperature is 1$^{\circ}C$ higher in the back. Temperature within all the dust-free garments 29.7$^{\circ}C$ in the back and 31.3$^{\circ}C$ in the chest which belong to the comfort zone(31-33$^{\circ}C$). The relative humidity is 39.7%RH in the chest and 33.8%RH in the back which is slightly below the comfort zone(40-60%RH) 5. The thermal sensation belong to the comfort zone regardless of the kinds of clothes. The subjects feels a slight fatigue as times goes. As for the subjective sense of subjects the mean skin temperature as well as temperature and humidity within clothes show similar tendency. This means that they relate with each other.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were to elicit the attitudes toward underwear, to compare the difference according to the demographic variables, and to find the relationship between the attitudes toward underwear and social-psychological characteristics of university female students in Cheongju city. The questionnaires were to measure the attitudes toward underwear, the demographic information, and social-psychological characteristics. As statistical analysis, frequencies, mean, t-test, F-test, factor analysis, and correlation were used. The results were as follows: 1) The female students regarded tactile sensation of underwear fabrics as the important element in their attitude toward underwear, while they showed a little interest about gorgeous underwear style. 2) The freshman students have strongly. fixed ideas about the under wear, the other(sophomore, junior, senior) students showed more interest in decorative and fashionable aspects of underwear. 3) The attitudes toward underwear were classifies into six factors; intension about high quality, decorative design, stereotype, immodesty, style and comfort. 4) There were partially significant differences according to demographic variables in the attitudes toward underwear. 5) Also, there were significant correlations between the social-psychological characteristics and the attitudes toward underwear.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.630-634
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• 2015

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast is a benign mesenchymal lesion with incidental histologic findings. Surgical excision is recommended as the treatment of choice for PASH, although the recurrence rates after excision range from 15% to 22%. A 46-year-old-female presented with a six-month history of bilateral breast enlargement and painful sensation mimicking inflammatory carcinoma. Imaging studies demonstrated innumerable enhancing nodules in both breasts. Due to the growth of the lesions and progressive clinical symptoms, bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy was performed. Grossly, the specimens were round and well-circumscribed, and the histologic examination revealed PASH. After mastectomy, we created a pocket with the pectoralis major muscle and a lower skin flap, which was deepithelized. Anatomical mammary implants were inserted, and the nipple areolar complex was transferred to a new position as a free graft. The aesthetic result was satisfactory after twelve months of follow-up.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.23-28
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• 2007

In most existing research, it is difficult to evaluate thermal comfort exactly because of reflecting individual ideal or psychological response by subjective questions. Physiological variable was selected in this study to evaluate objectively thermal comfort. MST was appeared very sensitively in indoor temperature and can express correctly thermal comfort of human body. The results of CSV are different each individual feeling sensation, so is difficult to evaluate detailedly thermal comfort unlike TSV. But the results of PP, AIx, ED, SEVR are greatly related to temperature change. So thermal comfort is evaluated more objectively by using PP, AIx, ED, SEVR on behalf of TSV, CSV. Human body was presented physiological feedback by temperature impetus and specially, tendency of heart rate agree with temperature change. Physiological reaction was showed sufficient possibility availing evaluation index of thermal comfort. In the future another one needs to review beside the selected physiological variable.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2006

Tactile sensation is one of the most important sensory functions for human perception of objects. Recently, there have been many technical challenges in the field of tactile display as well as tactile sensing. In this paper, we propose an innovative tactile display device based on soft actuator technology with ElectroActive Polymer(EAP). This device offers advantageous features over existing devices with respect to intrinsic flexibility, softness, ease of fabrication and miniaturization, high power density, and cost effectiveness. In particular, it can be adapted to various geometric configurations because it possesses structural flexibility, so it can be worn on any part of the human body such as finger, palm, and arm etc. It can be extensively applied as a wearable tactile display, a Braille device for the visually disabled, and a human interface in the future. A new design of the flexible actuator is proposed and its basic operational principles are discussed. In addition, a wearable tactile display device with $4{\times}5$ actuator array(20 actuator cells) is developed and its effectiveness is confirmed.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.359-370
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to test the performance of the recommended summer dressing for office man through the analysis of skin temperature changes by air-conditioning temperature. We tested two clothing combinations; formal wear with necktie and casual shirts without necktie as for Cool mapsi. 4 male subjects sat to stabilize for thirty minutes after entering artificial-climate chamber with both temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $27^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. And during 60 minute experiments of simulating office work, the subjective feelings including thermal, humidity and comfort sensation, skin temperature, clothing humidity and sweat amount were measured at the equal intervals. The result is that formal wear of $25^{\circ}C$ and Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$ show good values such as low skin temperature, low clothing humidity and neutral thermal sensation. And Cool mapsi of $25^{\circ}C$ shows the risk of low rectal temperature for long and static energy level of office work. Formal wear of $27^{\circ}C$ shows high values of mean skin temperature, clothing humidity and thermal sensation. Second experiment was to find the ambient temperature when the subject wearing formal wear shows the skin temperature corresponding to which he shows on Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$. The air-conditioning temperature on wearing formal wear has to be $2^{\circ}C$ lower to produce the corresponding skin temperature to which shows on wearing Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$. Therefore it is possible to increase room temperature to $27^{\circ}C$, when wear Cool mapsi for summer office, for skin temperature and thermal sensation are produced the same.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.1 s.45
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• pp.59-73
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to experiments the environmental conditions and the adaption of the human body in the vinyl house. The study was done in spring and winter and experimental clothes were used working clothes in the vinyl house. The results are as follows. 1. Environmental Conditions In the spring season, the indoor air temperature was $27.4{\pm}3.7^{\circ}C$ and the outdoor air temperature was $14.4{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$. In the winter season, the indoor air temperature was $18.3{\pm}4.8^{\circ}C$ and the outdoor air temperature was $7.6{\pm}2.5^{\circ}C$ on the average. 2. Skin Temperature In the spring season, the mean skin temperatures indoor and outdoor were $33.81{\pm}0.7^{\circ}C\;and\;31.57{\pm}0.8^{\circ}C$ respectively, a difference of $2.24^{\circ}C$. In the winter season, they were $31.95{\pm}1.93^{\circ}C\;and\;29.86{\pm}0.55^{\circ}C$ respectively, a difference of $2.09^{\circ}C$. 3. Clothing Climate In the spring season, the temperature and humidity in the inner layer of clothing were $34.77{\pm}0.80^{\circ}C\;and\;70.75{\pm}1.65%$ indoor, $31.9{\pm}0.52^{\circ}C\;and\;51.9{\pm}3.70%$ outdoor respectively. In the winter season, those were $32.52{\pm}1.04^{\circ}C\;and\;64.65{\pm}3.68%$ indoor, $30.27{\pm}0.96^{\circ}C\;and\;45.07{\pm}2.68%$ outdoor respectively. 4. Physiological Factors Body temperature increased slightly and the pulse rate also rises, but blood pressure decreased a little with the rise of environmental temperature both in the spring and winter seasons. 5. Psychological Factors Thermal sensation in the spring season was expressed as 'slightly warm' or 'warm' indoor and as 'neutral' in the open air, while in the winter it was expressed as 'neutral' or 'slightly warm' outdoor the house and as 'cold' in the open air. Comfort sensation was characterized as 'uncomfortable' or 'slightly uncomfortable' indoor both in the spring and winter seasons, but in the open air it was characterized as 'comfortable' in the spring and as 'slightly uncomfortable' in the winter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.1 s.160
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• pp.119-130
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• 2007

The objects of this study were to investigate responses and peculiarity during local cooling by parts of the human body and to show permissible safety limits without injurious to his health because of excessive cooling when he works hot environments. It were measured rectal temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, total body weight loss, local sweat in back and thigh, clothing microclimate and subjective sensation on 8 subjects and cooling parts were head, neck, chest, abdomen, back, waist, hip, upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, calf and foot. According to above-mentioned the first experiment, we chose permissible safety limits by parts of the human body for one hour. In the second experiment, it was showed permissible safety limits by parts which examined their safety about health through 4 hours cooling test on 3 subjects. The results are as follows: 1. As a result of the first experiment, we chose permissible safety limits by parts, as follows, head $25^{\circ}C$, neck $20^{\circ}C$, chest $27^{\circ}C$, abdomen $25^{\circ}C$, back $20^{\circ}C$, waist $20^{\circ}C$, upper arm $20^{\circ}C$, forearm $20^{\circ}C$, hand $23^{\circ}C$, thigh $20^{\circ}C$, calf $20^{\circ}C$ and foot $23^{\circ}C$ in $37^{\circ}C$, 50%R.H. environment for 1 hour. 2. As a result of the second experiment, cooling on these safety limits temperatures except chest didn't have a bad effect on health. So it was proved that right permissible safety limits of chest was $28^{\circ}C$. From these results, it has been suggested that skin temperature didn't fall below permissible safety limits when human body was to be cool by parts.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.87-102
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• 2004

By introducing Mondrian's creative world into the field of fashion design, I examined how its application can satisfy not only visual expressions but also the desire of fashion design for its simplicity, individuality, and sensitivity. As a program developing designs and guiding how to produce, the textile CAD system helps to develop a variety of textile systems. In case of dying or textile printing, a variety of free expressions of print patterns and functional color simulations are possible by the configuration of colors or enlargement of design. It can also confirm the flexible simulation with a variety of color changes through the monitor by treating the knit design with dots. Especially in case of consulting for the design with ordering customers, the system is very speedy and effective, because it is possible to correct on the spot those complicated elements of designs and color sensation and see the prints in the light of marketing, processing and artistic value. Mondrian's Art, beauty of balance and proportion in the Mondrian's plastic forms, the changes of coloring and texture were added into vertical and horizontal lines and the divisions of faces for the dressmaking. Whether they were the reciprocal action of human body, texture and color or the reciprocal action of human body and colors, these changes will be interpreted differently, depending on the individuals' experiences and psychological moods of situations. The emphases of the sense are also different, depending on the activity and functionality.