• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1737-1742
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• 2009

It has been known that Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens are dietary sources of possible chemopreventive compounds such as lignans and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. Here, we investigated and compared the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on mutagenicity using the Ames test, and growth of human cancer cells (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma, HT-29 human colon cancer, Hep 3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells). In the Ames test system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-induced mutagenicity was significantly inhibited by treatment with the methanol extract from either Linum usitatissimum or Perilla frutescens (p<0.05) in a dose dependent manner. As for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguamidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicity, the methanol extracts (5 mg/assay) from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens showed 63% and 78% inhibitory rates, respectively, indicating that Perilla frutescens possessed stronger antimutagenic activity than did Linum usitatissimum. Inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens on the growth of human cancer cells (AGS, HT-29 and Hep 3B) appeared to increase dose dependently, and the inhibition was more effective against AGS and HT-29 compared to Hep 3B cells. Our results suggested that the methanol extract from Perilla frutescens showed stronger antimutagenic activity than that from Linum usitatissimumas assayed by the Ames mutagenic test, whereas the methanol extract from Linum usitatissimum was more effective than its counterpart for growth inhibition of human cancer cells. It is concluded that intake of Linum usitatissimum and Perilla frutescens as sources of omega-3 fatty acids will be beneficial for preventing cancer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1532-1537
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• 2010

This study compared the inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from yellow and black soybeans (black soybean, Seomoktae and Seoritae) on mutagenicity using the Ames test and growth of human cancer cells (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma, HT-29 human colon cancer, Hep 3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells). In the Ames test system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$)-induced mutagenicity was significantly inhibited by treatments with the methanol extracts from either yellow or black soybeans in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). The methanol extracts from various black soybeans tended to have a greater inhibitory effect compared to those from yellow soybeans. As for N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguamidine (MNNG)-induced mutagenicity, the methanol extracts (5 mg/assay) from black soybean, Seomoktae and Seoritae showed 51%, 61% and 53% inhibitory rates, respectively, indicating that Seomoktae, a type of black soybean, had a stronger antimutagenic activity against mutagens (both $AFB_1$ and MNNG). Methanol extracts from black soybeans showed an inhibitory rate of greater than 50% on the growth of human cancer cells (AGS, HT-29 and Hep 3B) and the inhibition was more effective in the methanol extract from Seomoktae. Our results suggested that the methanol extracts from black soybeans showed stronger inhibitory effects on mutagenicity and growth of cancer cells than those from yellow soybean. It is concluded that intake of black soybean can be recommended for improving health.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1371-1378
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• 2000

This study was performed to determine the antimutagenic and cytotoxic effect of Agaricus blazei Murill methanol extract on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and human cancer cell lines using Ames test and cytotoxicity assay, respectively. In Ames test, methanol extract from A. blazei Murill did not exhibit any mutagenicity and most of the samples showed high antimutagenic effects against mutation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b] indol(Trp-P-1) and $benzo({\alpha})pyrene(B({\alpha})P)$. The methanol extracts of A. blazei Murill$(200\;{\mu}g/plate)$ showed approximately 92.4%, 81.9% and 83.4% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and $B({\alpha})P$ against TA98 strain, whereas 87.3%, 94.7%. 92.3% and 89.9% inhibitions were observed on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG, 4NQO, Trp-P-1 and $B({\alpha})P$ against TA100 strain. The solvent fractions of methanol extracts from A. blazei Murill except water fraction showed high antimutagenic effects of $70{\sim}90%$ against mutation induced by MNNG, 4NQO. Trp-P-1 and $B({\alpha})P$. In anticancer effects of A. blazei Murill extract and fraction against cancer cell lines including human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF7), human lung carcinoma(A549), human fibrosarcoma(HT1080), human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B), human epitheloid carcinoma(HeLa), human gastric carcinoma(KATO III) and human chronic myelogenous leukemia(K562) were investigated. The treatment of 1 mg/mL A. blazei Murill extracts had the highest cytotoxicity with 91.9% against HeLa, followed by KATO III(88.7%), A549(86.5%) and Hpe3B(84.3%). Whereas 1 mg/mL treatment of A. blazei Murill extracts had only $10{\sim}40%$ cytotoxicity on human normal liver cell (WRL68).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.120-128
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• 2008

The death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/ Apo1L is a cytokine that activates apoptosis through cell surface death receptors. TRAIL has sparked growing interest in oncology due to its reported ability to selectively trigger cancer cell death. Euphorbiae humifusae Wind has been used in traditional Oriental medicine as a folk remedy used for the treatment of cancer. However, the mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of E. humifusae not clearly understood. Here, we show that treatment with subtoxic doses of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) in combination with TRAIL induces apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant human gastric carcinoma AGS cells. Combined treatment with WEEH and TRAIL induced chromatin condensation and sub-G1 phase DNA content. These indicators of apoptosis were correlated with the induction of caspase activity that resulted in the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Combined treatment also triggered the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, co-treatment with WEEH and TRAIL down-regulated the protein levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP and cIAP-1. Although more study will be needed to examine the detailed mechanisms, this combined treatment may offer an attractive strategy for safely treating gastric adenocarcinomas and the results provide important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anticancer activity of E. humifusae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.921-927
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigated the effects on the cytotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Cordyceps militaris extracts on the human cancer cell lines. The ethanol extract and five fractions which were hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and aqueous were screened for crytotoxicity on human lung carcinoma(A549). human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) human epitheloid carcinoma(HeLa), human fibrosarcoma(HT1080) human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B), human gastric carcinoma(KATOIII) and chronic myelogenous leukemia(K562) cell by SRB and MTT assays. The results showed that growth inhibition rates of the human cancer cell in the presence of Cordyceps militaris were inhibited with increasing concentration of the extract. The ethanol extract from Cordyceps militaris had strong inhibitory effects in1 mg/mL treatment by SRB assay , showing 89.4%, 85.7%, 72.9% and 65.5% inhibition in HT1080, HeLa, Hep3B and A549, respectively. The treatment of 1 mg/mL hexane fraction by SRB assay had the strongest cytotoxicity with 97.0% on HT1080 followed by MCF-7(92.9%) and HeLA(90.3%). The inhibition ration on KATOIII by MTT assay was much higher in the butanol (83.7%) and aqueous (80.4%) than in the ethanol extract (61.5%) And also, K562 showed similar tendency with KATOIII. The effects of Cordyceps militaris extracts on the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidime(MNNG) were investigated in the bone-marrow cells of ICR male mice. The amount of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of each extract were administered to animals immediately after injection of MNNG, and the exposure time was 36 hours. Significant reductions(p<0.05) with 39.7%, 52.7%, 71.4% and 83.9% were observed in the frequencies of MNPCE when 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of the hexane fraction of Coryceps militarus extracts were given to the mice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1064-1069
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• 2017

This study compared the cytotoxic effect of extracts from four different sea bream species (Pagrus major, Acanthopagus schlegeli, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and Girella punctata) in human cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic activity against the growth of human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and HT-29 human colon cancer cell lines was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Treatment with acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from the four sea bream species dose-dependently increased cytotoxicity against the growth of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells (p < 0.05). As shown by a cell viability assay, treatment with A+M and MeOH extracts from red sea bream (P. major) had the highest cytotoxic effect (p < 0.05) among the sea bream species. The IC50 values of an 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH) fraction from red sea bream (P. major) against AGS and HT-29 cancer cells was 0.33 and 1.58 mg/ml, respectively, suggesting that the 85% aq. MeOH fraction had the highest cytotoxic effect among the fractions (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that four different sea bream species exhibited cytotoxic activity, as well as high-quality amino acids and fatty acids. Among the sea bream species, red sea bream (P. major) showed the greatest cytotoxic effect. The results could be used to improve nutrition information available to consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1664-1671
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• 2009

Doenjang was prepared by using Bacillus subtilis DJI starter and purified salt or solar salt with 12% (w/w) concentration. The prepared Doenjangs were fermented and ripened for 2 month and 16 month, respectively. MTT assay was used to measure the growth-inhibitory effect of Doenjang extracts (water, methanol) on BJ (human foreskin normal cell), HT-29 (human colon cancer cell) and AGS (human gastric adenocarcinoma cell). The anticancer effect increased in both purified salt-Doenjang and solar salt-Doenjang as fermentation period increased. Moreover in the case of water extracts, solar salt-Doenjang (growth inhibitory rate; AGS: 50%, HT-29: 44%) showed definitely higher anticancer effect than purified salt-Doenjang (AGS: 32%, HT-29: 32%). In addition, apoptosis were observed when the water extracts of the Doenjangs were treated into AGS. In particular, it was observed that more apoptosis occured in solar salt-Doenjang treats than purified salt-Doenjang treats. These results suggested that prolonging the fermentation with addition of solar-salt when making Doenjang increased its anticancer effect via cancer cell growth inhibition induced by apoptosis process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.515-520
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• 2007

This study was peformed to determine the antioxidative, antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of the natural seasoning using Lentinus edodes powder (NSLP) by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical donating method, Ames test, and cytotoxicity, respectively. The scavenging effect on DPPH radical in ethyl acetate fraction of NSLP showed $155{\mu}g\;of\;RC_{50}$. The direct antimutagenic effects of ethanol extract and its solvent fractions of NSLP were examined by Ames test using Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100. In the Ames test, ethanol extract of NSLP alone did not exhibit any mutagenicity and most of the samples showed high antimutagenic effects against mutation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). Ethyl acetate fraction of NSLP ($200{\mu}g/plate$) showed approximately 82% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against TA98 strain, whereas 84% and 80% inhibitions were observed on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO and MNNG against TA100 strain. In anticancer effects of ethanol extract and its solvent fractions of NSLP against cancer cell lines including human lung carcinoma (A549), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B), human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and human gastric carcinoma (AGS) were investigated. The treatment of 1 mg/mL ethyl acetate fraction of NSLP showed strong cytotoxicity of 56.7%, 84.9%, 64.6%, 85.1% and 71.5% against A549, MCF-7, Hep3B, HeLa and AGS, respectively. In contrast 1 mg/mL treatment of NSLP extract and its solvent fractions had only $4{\sim}40%$ cytotoxicity on human transfomed primary embryonal kidney cell (293). From this result, it is suggested that NSLP is believed to have possible antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer capacities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1598-1604
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• 2009

In order to determine chemical components of onion flesh and peel, general nutrients, vitamin C, and total flavonoids were measured. Onion peel showed less moisture (14.3%) and no vitamin C compared to onion flesh. Onion peel contained more amounts of total flavonoids compared to onion flesh. In addition, the inhibitory effects of solvent extracts from onion flesh and peel on $H_2O_$-induced oxidative stress and growth of cancer cell lines (AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colon cancer cells) were investigated. Acetone with methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion flesh and peel appeared to significantly reduce the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p<0.05) and a greater antioxidant effect was observed in onion peel. Among fractions, 85% aq. methanol showed a higher protective activity against oxidative stress in both flesh and peel and there was no effect in the water and hexane fractions. The growth of cancer cells exposed to medium containing extracts and fractions from onion flesh and peel was inhibited dose-dependently. The growth of AGS was inhibited more in both flesh and peel compared to HT-29, and onion peel was more effective than onion flesh. Among fractions, 85% aq. methanol showed the greatest effect on growth inhibition in both flesh and peel. $IC_{50}$ values of 85% aq. methanol fraction from onion flesh and peel on AGS were 0.04 and 0.03 mg/ml, respectively, while those on HT-29 were 0.23 and 0.04 mg/ml. From our results, 85% aq. methanol fraction had an inhibitory effect against oxidative stress and growth of cancer cells, suggesting that it may contain biological active compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.935-941
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• 2011

The growth inhibitory effects of kimchi prepared with solar salt were investigated. Chinese cabbages were brined with purified salt, four year-old solar salt, and Topan solar salt, and then mixed with other ingredients. The final salt concentration was adjusted to 2.2~2.4% (w/v) for each salt, and the kimchi was fermented at $7^{\circ}C$. When the acidity reached around 0.5~0.6%, the kimchi was used as a sample for further experimentation. MTT assay was used to measure the growth inhibitory effect of kimchi extracts (water, methanol) on BJ human foreskin normal cells, AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Water extracts of all the kimchi samples showed growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells; however, there was no significant difference among the used salts. Methanol extracts of all the kimchi samples showed higher growth inhibitory effects compared to the water extracts. The methanol extracts of four year-old solar salt kimchi (AGS: 73%, HT-29: 48%) and Topan solar salt kimchi (AGS: 62%, HT-29: 46%) showed higher growth inhibitory effects than that of purified salt kimchi (AGS: 52%, HT-29: 39%). In addition, morphological changes of cancer cells (AGS, HT-29) and decreased cell numbers were observed when methanol extract of four year-old solar salt kimchi was treated to AGS and HT-29 cells. However, none of the kimchi extracts showed any growth inhibitory effect on BJ normal cells.