• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1330-1338
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) as a dietary additive on gut microflora in weaned piglets. A total of sixty pigs were weaned at 21 d of age (BW = $5.64{\pm}0.23kg$) and allocated on the basis of BW and litter to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were: control group (basal diet), antibiotics group (basal diet+0.02% colistin), and ASE group (basal diet+0.1% ASE). On d 7, 14 and 28 after consuming the experimental diets, five piglets per group were sacrificed and then the contents from the jejunum, ileum and cecum were collected to determine changes in the microbial community by using a polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique and estimating the contents of Lactobacillus and E. coli by in vitro culturing methods. The results showed that the ASE promoted the microflora diversity in the cecum. Enumeration of bacteria in the gut contents showed that the number of Lactobacillus increased (p<0.05), while that of E. coli decreased (p<0.05) when compared with the other 2 groups as the days of age progressed post-weaning. These findings suggested that the ASE, as a substitute for dietary antimicrobial products, could improve the development of the normal gut microflora and suppress bacterial pathogens, and effectively promote a healthy intestinal environment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25[OH]₂D₃) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlr^tm1Her/J (Ldlr^-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS: The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-85
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• 1968

The experiment was carried out on eight healthy male subjects of 19-22 years old and they were maintained The experiment was carried out on eight healthy male subjects of 19-22 years old and they were maintained under the rice diet, the general mixed diet and the high animal protein diet for 7 days of each experimental period, respectively. The composition of each diet was indicated in Table 3. The allowance' of each nutrient per head per day in each diet were as follows. a) In the rice diet; protein:139.5 g (animal source:64.6 g, vegetable source:74.9 g), fat:25.3 g (animal source:11.3 g, vegetable source:14.0 g), carbohydrate: 644.0 g, calcium:982.3 mg, phosphorus: 2369.2mg, thiamine:2.1 mg, riboflavin: 1.6 mg, and 3211 Cal. b) In the general mixed diet; protein: 97.4g (animal source: 10.5 g, vegetable source: 86.9 g), fat:40.3 g (animal source:7.1 g, vegetable source:33.2 g), carbohydrate:620.7 g, calcium:887.1m g, phosphorus:2200.8m g, thiamine: 1.8m g, riboflavin:1.9m g, and 3158 Cal. c) In the high animal protein diet; protein: 135.6 g (animal source:68.8 g, vegetable source:66.8 g), fat:32.5g (animal source:17.9 g, vegetable source:14.6 g), carbohydrate:930.9 g, calcium: 626.0 mg, phosphorus: 1998.9 mg, thiamine: 1.5 mg, riboflavin: 1.5 mg, and 3194 Cal. The absorption rates of protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phospherus, thiamine and riboflavin in each diet were observed. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The absorption rates of protein and fat in the rice diet were 88.t % and 71.3.%. 2. The absorption rates of protein and fat in the general mixed diet were 83.4% and 86.4%. 3. The absorption rates of protein and fat in the high animal protein diet were 86.8% and 82.4%. 4. The nitrogen balances in the rice, the general mixed and the high animal protein diet groups were +5.7g, +2.3g and +4.0g respectively. 5. The absorption rates of carbohydrate in each diet were all above 95 % and so seemed to be almost completely absorbed except the cellulose in the diets. 6. The calory utilization rates in each diet were all above 93 %. 7. The minimum absorption rates of protein, fat and calory were 83.8%, 63.3%, and 89.7% in the rice diet, 80.0%, 80.9% and 85.9%, in the general mixed diet and 83.6%, 75.7% and. 89.3 % in the high animal protein diet respectively. Therefore, it is assumed that these data might be significant in practical use. 8. The protein absorption rates of the rice diet (88.1 %) was better than that of the general mixed diet (83.4 %). 9. The fat absorption rates of the general mixed diet and the high animal protein diet (86.4% and 82.4%) were signficantly better than that of the rice diet (71.3%). 10. The calcium absorption rates of each diet, rice diet, the general mixed diet and the high animal protein diet were 41.6%, 36.0%, and 27.7%, respectively. 11. The phosphorus absorption rates of each diet were 51.4%, 56.0% and 52.3%, respectively.12. The phosphorus absorption rate seemed better than that of calcium. 13. The thiamine absorption rates of each diet seemed 27.0 %, 42.9 % and 29.5 %, respectively. 14. The riboflavin absorption rates of each diet seemed above 30.6%, 27.1%, and 39.3% respectively. 15. The excretion amounts of thiamine or riboflavin were much more than the amounts ingested of the both vitamins. Therefore, the certain amount of both vitamins seemed to synthesize in the intestine.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2004

Objectives : Iron (Fe) is an essential element in biological processes; however excessive Fe is harmful to human health. Some air pollutants contain a high level of Fe, and the human lung could therefore be over-exposed to Fe through inhaled air pollutants. This study was performed to investigate the role of metal transporters (divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1, and metal transporter protein 1, MTP1) in the lung under the environments of Fe deficiency in the body and Fe over-exposure in the lung. Methods : Rats were fed Fe deficient (FeD, 2-6 mg Fe/kg) or Fe supplemented (FeS, 120 mg Fe/kg) diet for 4 weeks, followed by a single intratracheal instillation of ferrous sulfate at low (10 mg/kg) or high (20 mg/kg) dose. Fe concentration was analyzed in the serum, lung and liver, and histopathological findings were observed in the lung at 24 hours after Fe administration. The level of DMT1 and MTP1 expression in the lung was analyzed by RT-PCR. Also, the effect of Fe deficiency in the body was evaluated on the level of Fe concentration and metal transporters compared to FeS-diet fed rats at the end of 4-week FeD or FeS diet. Results : The 4-week FeD diet in rats induced an Fe deficiency anemia with decreased serum total Fe, increased unsaturated Fe binding capacity and hypochromic microcytic red blood cells. The concentration of Fe in the lung and liver was lower in the FeD-diet fed rats than in the FeS-diet fed rats. The level of metal transporters mRNA expression was higher in the FeD-diet fed rats than in the FeS-diet. The concentration of Fe in the lung was increased in a dose-dependent pattern after intratracheal instillation of Fe into the rats, while the level of Fe in the serum and liver was not increased in the low-dose Fe administered rats. Therefore, DMT1 and MTP1 mRNA was highly expressed in both FeD-diet and FeS-diet fed rats, after intratracheal instillation of Fe. Conclusions : DMT1 and MTP1 mRNA were more highly expressed in FeD-diet fed rats than in FeS-diet fed rats. The over-exposure of Fe intratracheally induced high expression of metal transporters and increased Fe deposition in the lung in both FeD-diet and FeS-diet fed rats, but did not increase the Fe level of the serum and liver in low-dose Fe administered rats. These results suggest that the role of metal transporters in the lung might be different in a part from the duodenum under the environment of over-exposure to Fe.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.73-83
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• 2005

Higher methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation and susceptibility to toxicity in the fetus than in the mother at parturition is well known. However, the difference in MeHg exposure to fetus and offspring throughout gestation and suckling is not well established. In the human, the effects of MeHg exposure on pregnant and breast-feeding women remain an important issue for elucidation, especially those of continuous uptake in high-fish-consumption populations. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the difference in MeHg exposure to fetus and offspring throughout gestation and lactation using our recent animal and human studies data. In the animal study, adult female rats were given a diet containing 5 ${\mu}$g/g Hg (as MeHg) for 8 weeks. Then they were mated and subsequently given the same diet throughout gestation and suckling. On embryonic days 18, 20, 22 and at parturition, the concentrations of Hg in the brains of fetus were approximately 1.5-2.0 times higher than those in the mothers. However, during the suckling period Hg concentrations in the brain rapidly declined to about 1/10 of that during late pregnancy. Hg concentrations in blood also decreased rapidly after birth. In human study, Hg concentrations in red blood cells (RBCs-Hg) in 16 pairs of maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were compared at birth and 3 months of age after parturition. RBCs-Hg concentration in the umbilical cords was about 1.6 times higher than those in the mothers at parturition. However, all the infants showed declines in Hg concentrations throughout the breast-feeding period. The Hg concentration in RBCs-Hg at 3 months of age was about half that at birth. Both the animal and human studies indicated that MeHg exposure to the fetus might be especially high but it dramatically decreases during the suckling period. Therefore, close attention should be paid to the gestation rather than the breast-feeding period to avoid the risk of MeHg to human infants.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of the supplementation of Stevia. Rebaudian Bertoni on serum and hepatic lipid levels and enzyme activities in rat administered with ethanol chronically. Sprague-Dawley male rats were orally treated with either an AIN-76 diet(C, control), a control diet plus ethanol(E, 4g/kg bw), E plus stevia extract-1(ES1, 1ml/kg bw), or E plus stevia extract-2(ES2, 2ml/kg bw) for 7 weeks. Serum triglyceride levels were increased in the E group and were decreased in the ES 1 group. Liver triglyceride levels were decreased significantly in the ES2 groups and Total-cholesterol were decreased in the ES1, ES2 groups compared with the E group. Liver $\gamma-GTP$ levels were decreased significantly in the ES1, ES2 groups compared with the E group. In addition, we have evaluated the serum or liver carnitine levels in those groups. Liver TCNE levels were increased significantly in the ES1, ES2 compared with the E group. These results may suggest that supplementation of Stevia. Rebaudian Bertoni has effects on the recovery of chronic ethanol-related diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.431-437
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• 2006

This work was undertaken to study the effect of dietary fat source on the fatty acid profile of pork, and to evaluate the effect of inclusion of vitamin E in pig diets on lipid oxidation of pork tissue and processed pork products. Fifty-six pigs were allocated to four treatments, that included two dietary fat sources and two levels of vitamin E inclusion. Dietary fat was derived from either tallow, a source of saturated fatty acids (SFA), or from a mixture of soybean and linseed oils, which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Vitamin E was included at either 0% or 0.011% of the diet. Growth and carcass characteristics were not affected by the dietary treatments. Dietary fat source affected the fatty acid profile of the longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat tissue, with the PUFA diet resulting in significantly more polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues, and more favourable ratios of SFA to PUFA and C18:2 to C18:3 in terms of human health considerations. Lipid oxidation was significantly greater in tissues and processed products from PUFA-fed pigs. Inclusion of vitamin E in the diets, however, reduced the extent of lipid oxidation in the meat and meat products. Dietary manipulation of the fatty acid profile of pigs is an effective means of altering the fat composition of pork in order to provide human consumers with a healthy product. Vitamin E is effective as an antioxidant agent, particularly where processed products are concerned.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Chungkookjang (Korean fermented soybean) powder on blood glucose level, lipid profiles, antioxidant enzymes activities and histological changes in kidney of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats of three groups including nondiabetic group fed normal diet (NC), diabetic group fed normal diet (DC) and diabetic group fed Chungkookjang diet (DCH; 100 g/kg diet) were reared for 8 weeks. The serum glucose, triglycelide and total lipid levels in the DCH group were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the DC group. The renal xanthine oxidase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the DC group were significantly higher than the NC group. The xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the DCH group were significantly lower than the DC group (P<0.05). Tubular epithelial change, such as Armanni-Ebstein cells, was significantly reduced in the DCH group compared to the DC group. In conclusion, these results indicated that Chungkookjang supplement seems to be beneficial to correct the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia as well as to protect kidney against diabetic changes.

• BMB Reports
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.166-171
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• 2001

The levels of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GAGA) have been analyzed from pharbitis seeds by an AccQ-Tag amino acid analysis procedure. The GABA level of the pharbitis seeds was 125 nmole per gram fresh weight. To investigate the effects of pharbitis seed diets on serum and hepatic lipid levels, as well as enzyme activities of rats administered with ethanol chronically, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with either a AIN-76 diet (control), a control diet plus ethanol, a control plus pharbitis seed diet, or a control plus pharbitis seed diet plus ethanol for 30 days. Pharbitis seed diets decreased the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and $\gamma$-GTP levels that were increased by the chronic ethanol administration. In addition, pharbitis seed diets decreased the liver triglyceride and total lipid levels that were increased by the ethanol administration. However, ethanol metabolism was not retarded by the pharbitis seed supplemented diets. The present Endings, plus previous data showing the differences in the effects of cabbage diets having a high or a low level of GABA on the lipid levels and the enzyme activities of rats (Cha and Oh [2000] J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 500-505), raise the possibility that GABA in plants could have a nutraceutical role in the recovery of chronic alcohol-related diseases.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2002

The effects of the Rhynchosia nulubilis extracts on serum lipid concentrations were evaluated in rats. Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $100{\pm}10g$ were divided into six groups and fed high fat and high cholesterol diets for four weeks. Experimental groups were administered with following diets; basal fat diet(control) and basal and high fat diets with 1% cholesterol and Rhynchosia nulubilis extract(40mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 4000mg/kg). The concentrations of serum triglyceride in rats fed the Rhynchosis mulubilis extract, high fat, 1% cholesterol, and RN-HFC(-40, -400, -4000mg/kg) groups were lower than those in other groups. The concentrations of total cholesterol in the RN-HFC (-40, -400, -4000mg/kg) groups were lower than those in fat diet groups. The concentrations of HDL-cholesterol in serum of the RN-HFC(-40, -400, 4000mg/kg) groups were significantly higer than those of other groups. The levels of LDL-cholesterol in serum of the RN-HFC(-40, -400, -4000mg/kg) groups were tended to be lower than those of other groups. These results suggest that Rhynchosia nulubilis extract may reduce elevated levels of serum lipid concentrations in rats fed high fat diets.