• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare breast milk minerals between mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy mothers. Methods: This study was a short-term prospective study to determine the difference in milk minerals of 30 GDM mothers and 30 healthy mothers. Mineral concentrations in breast milk were measured for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P. The first breast milk was collected on the 5th day after childbirth, while the second one was collected on the 14th day. For the variation of mineral content of breast milk over time between groups, generalized estimation equations were used. Results: The mean age of the GDM group and healthy mother group was 32.56 and 31.17 years old, respectively. Na was significantly higher in GDM mother group (Wild 𝛘²=4.35, p=.037) over time (Wild 𝛘²=21.59, p<.001), and Ca was significantly higher in healthy mother group (Wild 𝛘²=1.77, p=.018) over time (Wild 𝛘²=19.09, p<.001). Mg, P, and K showed a significant difference in time (Wild 𝛘²=18.12, p<.001; Wild 𝛘²=7.73, p=.005; Wild 𝛘²=7.10, p=.008). P was significantly higher in GDM mother group on 5th day of delivery (t=2.08, p=.042). Conclusion: There was a difference in the mineral composition of breast milk between GDM mothers and healthy mothers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and apply intervention programs such as effective prenatal blood sugar management and postpartum breast massage considering the characteristics of GDM mothers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2010

서 론 : 모유은행이란 모집한 기증자들로부터 모유를 수집하고, 처리하고, 부적절한 것은 폐기하며, 저장하는 일을 하고, 모유를 필요로 하는 사람들에게 모유를 제공하는 일을 한다. 전국규모의 모유은행을 운영하기 시작하여 2년의 경험에 대해 보고하고자 한다. 방 법 : 2007년 8월부터 2009년 8월까지 2년 동안, 동서신의학병원 모유은행의 기증자 분석, 기증량, 가공량, 수혜자 분석, 수혜량 등을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 총 기증자는 신규자 131명, 지속 기증자 39명이었고, 기증 횟수는 신규자가 341회, 지속 기증자가 127회 이었으며, 1달 평균 기증 횟수는 신규자 2.6회, 지속 기증자 3.3회이었다. 기증자의 지역분포는 서울 경기 지역이 79% 이었고, 연령은 20대 37%, 30대 60%, 기증자의 직업은 주부 60%, 회사원 35%, 기증자의 기증 동기는 인터넷 66%, TV 방송 매체가 14%, 분만 후 기증 개시 시기는 3개월 이내: 57%, 4-6개월이 29%이었다. 총 수집 2,736 L, 가공양은 1,979 L이었다. 누적 수혜자는 미숙아 신생아를 포함한 영아가 160명, 성인이 21명이었고 수혜 횟수는 영아가 337회, 성인이 41회 이었다. 총 수혜량은 영아에서 1,663 L, 성인이 179 L 이었다. 수혜자의 특징은 지역적으로 서울 경기가 82%, 수혜자의 연령에서 영아인 경우 3개월 미만이 50%, 4-6개월이 30% 이었고, 성인에서는 20-39세 40%, 60세 이상이 40%, 이었다. 수혜 이유로 아동 측에서는 환경여건, 영아질환, 아토피, 모유수유 거부 등이 있었고, 산모 측의 이유로는 모성질환, 모유량 감소 등이 있었다. 성인의 경우 전부 악성 종양에 의한 음식섭취 곤란에서 모유수유를 원하는 경우이었다. 동 병원의 NICU에서 필요한 환아 자신의 엄마 모유를 공급하는데 본 모유은행이 역할을 하였다. 결 론 : 타인의 남는 모유를 위생학적으로 안전하고, 의학적으로도 검정된 방법으로 수집, 가공, 보관하여 모유수유가 필요한 미숙아, 신생아, 영아와 일부 모유를 필요로 하는 성인에서 제공하는 모유은행의 역할을 인식할 수 있었으며, 전국적으로 규모를 확대하는 국가지원의 제도적 뒷받침이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2007년도 제48회 학술심포지움 및 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.82.1-82.1
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• 2007

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• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

The rate of human milk feeding has been decreasing despite the diverse efforts of many physicians and nurses, as well as numerous professional organizations and various international health institutions. The number of physicians and nurses who can provide proper guidance for human milk feeding and offer appropriate knowledge and techniques to allow the most beneficial and convenient manner of breastfeeding is quite deficient. It is suggested that physicians and nurses be trained to teach and educate about the medical importance of human milk feeding to lactating mothers. This can be accomplished through systemic changes in medical education and clinical practice. However, the curricula of medical schools in Korea do not provide enough education and training to effect an increase in human milk feeding. The author strongly recommends that the educational objectives for medical schools and resident training offer more education and training concerning so that they are well aware of breastfeeding basics and techniques, and have ability to solve lactation-associated clinical problems.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.14-28
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to identify relationships of maternal psychosocial factors including mother's mood state, childcare stress, social support and sleep satisfaction with breastfeeding adaptation and immune substances in breast milk, especially secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-${\beta}2$). Methods: Data were collected from 84 mothers who delivered full-term infants by natural childbirth. Structured questionnaires and breast milk were collected at 2~4 days and 6 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results: Scores for the breastfeeding adaptation scale were significantly related with child care stress, mood state and social support. Mother's anger was positively correlated with the level of sIgA in colostrum (p<.01). Immune substances of breastmilk was significantly influenced by time for milk collection (p<.001) and the type of breastfeeding (sIgA, p<.001, TGF-${\beta}2$, p=.003). Regression analysis showed that breastfeeding adaptation could be explained 59.1% by the type of breastfeeding, childcare stress, the Profile of Mood States, emotional support and sleep quality (F=16.67, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings from this study provide important concepts of breastfeeding adaptation program and explanation of psychosocial factors by immune substances in breast milk. Future research, specially, bio-maker research on breast milk should focus on the ways to improve breastfeeding adaptation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1057-1065
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• 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease, results from dysregulation of the immune responses. Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Lactobacillus, alleviate IBD through immunomodulation. In this study, the anti-colitis effect of LAB isolated from human breast milk was investigated in a mouse model induced acute colitis with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). TNBS remarkably increased weight loss, colon shortening, and colonic mucosal proliferation, as well as the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β. Oral administration of LAB isolated from human breast milk resulted in a reduction in TNBS-induced colon shortening, as well as induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, LAB suppressed inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and thus showed an effect of suppressing the level of inflammation induced by TNBS. Furthermore, LAB alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis, and inhibited intestinal permeability by increasing the expression of intestinal tight junction protein including ZO-1. Collectively, these results suggest that LAB isolated from human breast milk can be used as a functional food for colitis treatment by regulating NF-κB signaling, gut microbiota and increasing expression of intestinal tight junction protein.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2008년도 제49회 학술심포지움 및 국제학술대회
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• pp.94.2-94.2
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• 2008

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2004

The objectives of the present study were to measure the content of iron, copper and zinc in human milk and to estimate the intake of iron, copper and zinc of breast-fed infants during the early period of lactation. Twenty-five lactating women who delivered in a hospital in Seoul volunteered for the study. Milk samples were collected at day 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15 and 30 postpartum. The contents of iron, copper and zinc were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion. The intakes of iron, copper and zinc of infants were estimated by multiplization with the infant milk intake reported in our laboratory. The content of iron was 0.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 0.48 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk and 0.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated iron intake of infants was 271, 255 and 259 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. The content of copper in the milk was 0.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 0.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk and 0.33 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated copper intake of infants was 210, 229 and 220 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. The content of zinc in the milk was 5.24 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in colostrum, 3.70 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in transitional milk, 2.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g in mature milk while the estimated zinc intake of infants was 2452, 1968, and 1949 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day, respectively. These results suggest that copper and zinc intake of infants are met to RDA but iron is not.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권8호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2020

Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant's growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development of various analysis techniques. As is already well known, HBM contains about 87%-88% water, and 124-g/L solid components as macronutrients, including about 7% (60-70 g/L) carbohydrates, 1% (8-10 g/L) protein, and 3.8% (35-40 g/L) fat. The composition may vary depending on the environmental factors, including maternal diet. Colostrum is low in fat but high in protein and relatively rich in immuneprotective components. Although HBM contains enough vitamins to ensure normal growth of the infant, vitamins D and K may be insufficient, and the infant may require their supplementation. Growth factors in HBM also serve as various bioactive proteins and peptides on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. In the past, HBM of a healthy mother was thought to be sterile. However, several subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of rich and diverse microbial communities in HBM. Some studies suggested that the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus may be universally predominant in HBM, but the origin of microbiota still remains controversial. Lastly, milk is the one of most abundant body fluid of microRNAs, which are known to play a role in various functions, such as immunoprotection and developmental programming, through delivering from HBM and absorption by intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, HBM is the most important source of nutrition for infants and includes microbiomes and miRNAs for growth, development, and immunity.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.126-136
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of breast milk olfactory stimulation on physiological responses, oral feeding progression, and body weight in preterm infants. Methods: A repeated measures design with nonequivalent control group was used. The participants were healthy, preterm infants born at a gestational age of 28~32 weeks; 12 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. Data were collected prospectively in the experimental group, and retrospectively in the control group, by the same methods. Breast milk olfactory stimulation was provided 12 times over 15 days. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and linear mixed models using SPSS 19. Results: The gastric residual volume (GRV) of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group. The heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiration rate, transition time to oral feeding, and body weight were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: These findings indicate that breast milk olfactory stimulation reduces GRV and improves digestive function in preterm infants without inducing distress.