• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1253-1260
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• 2017

Objective: Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. Methods: Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture every fifteenth day for metabolite analysis. Slaughter was done at a commercial abattoir following 5 months of monitoring. Results: Tethered goats had significantly higher concentrations of urea (5.19 mmol/L) (p<0.001), creatinine ($55.87{\mu}mol/L$) (p<0.05), total protein (64.60 g/L) (p<0.01), and globulin (49.79 g/L) (p<0.001), whereas herded goats had higher glucose (3.38 mmol/L) (p<0.001), albumin (15.33 g/L) (p<0.05), albumin/globulin ratio (0.34) (p<0.01), and body weight (24.87 kg) (p<0.001). Slatted floors caused higher (p<0.01) albumin at 15.37 g/L. The interaction of grazing system and floor type affected creatinine, total protein, globulin at (p<0.01) and albumen/globulin ratio at (p<0.01). The least creatinine concentration and albumin/globulin ratio was in herded and tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors, respectively. The highest total protein and globulin concentrations were in serum of tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage (45.26%) was in herded goats accommodated on slatted floors. Conclusion: Herding of goats lowered globulin concentration, improved estimated feed intake, blood glucose and albumin concentrations, albumin globulin ratio, increased body weights and weight related carcass characteristics. Floor type had very little effects on metabolites where earth floors only reduced albumin concentration. Tethering and housing goats on earth floors resulted in double stress that increased chronic infections.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.81-86
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• 2011

In order to establish the effective community village as planned, it is the most important factor in residents' participation at the stage of design process. Especially, community space, which is commonly used by all members, must be designed through consultation process of community members themselves to accommodate the needs of various daily activities. So, in this study, the participation process to design the common community facility is developed and the actual residents' participation workshop was conducted in Baek-Hwa village, which is being built on South Korea. Also, the space of community facilities was designed based on the direct opinions and needs of actual residents obtained by workshop process. The workshop was conducted two times: the first workshop was conducted for the design of common residents' facilities and the second was for trying to utilize the virtual designed space. During the workshop process, it is found that the positive participation of members of village is naturally occurred to design residents' space in the workshop process. As a result, most people want to make the space of gym, library, and dining room in spatial configuration. Among them, the hobby room was highly demanded. There is lots of demand for the joint activities and training program in common activity fields. Also, the prediction of the various occurrence so fun expected situations was requested in the game of creating rules and role-playing. In the conclusion, it was acknowledged the necessity of residents' participation design and the importance of communication between architects and residents for decision-making.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.240-250
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• 2017

Objectives: Subjective life expectancy (SLE) has been found to show a significant association with mortality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the major factors affecting SLE. We also examined whether any differences existed between SLE and actuarial life expectancy (LE) in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1000 individuals in Korea aged 20-59 was conducted. Participants were asked about SLE via a self-reported questionnaire. LE from the National Health Insurance database in Korea was used to evaluate differences between SLE and actuarial LE. Age-adjusted least-squares means, correlations, and regression analyses were used to test the relationship of SLE with four categories of predictors: demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors. Results: Among the 1000 participants, women (mean SLE, 83.43 years; 95% confidence interval, 82.41 to 84.46 years; 48% of the total sample) had an expected LE 1.59 years longer than that of men. The socioeconomic factors of household income and housing arrangements were related to SLE. Among the health behaviors, smoking status, alcohol status, and physical activity were associated with SLE. Among the psychosocial factors, stress, self-rated health, and social connectedness were related to SLE. SLE had a positive correlation with actuarial estimates (r=0.61, p<0.001). Gender, household income, history of smoking, and distress were related to the presence of a gap between SLE and actuarial LE. Conclusions: Demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors showed significant associations with SLE, in the expected directions. Further studies are needed to determine the reasons for these results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.32-40
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• 2006

We investigated space establishment and land use of children's parks by studying movement of users in and out of the parks with a questionnaire survey, video and analysis, and then analyzed the characteristics of how the facilities and the space of the parte are used. The results are as follows. First, when considering the character of the facilities of children's parks, entertainment facilities should receive priority followed by those for relaxation and those for convenience. When considering the position of facilities in the parks, because activity spaces may have similar functions to multi-purpose paved spaces, common use of these two spaces should be considered. Entrances and lines of movement should be kept in mind. Second, when considering the surrounding land uses, in case a play facility at a large-sized complex or an elementary school is adjacent, the exercise facilities may be more important, followed by play and rest facilities. In case there is a broad path around the parte, the way in which movement occurs into the central axis should be considered so that the other side of the broad way is not included in the children's play space. Third, proper control of roads adjacent to the parse is needed to protect children from danger.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-138
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social inclusion of permanent rental and lot-sold apartment and to provide basic source of their physical and social inclusion. The research method was in-depth interview for 32 residents in two apartment complex based on the social inclusion index developed in the previous study. The results of the study were summarized as follows: First, the majority of the residents' average monthly income in the permanent rental apartment were lower than the minimum cost of living. But, they were not seriously realized it and gave up any economic activities due to their poor health and age. Second, the big different indexes from the residents in lot-sold apartment were the family networks and social activity participations. They were not satisfied with their family members, seldom had social gatherings, and did not have any information of community cultural events. Third, since they had narrow sphere of activities, they could not properly evaluate the diversity of neighborhood facilities and the convenience of public transportations. But, they obviously recognized anti-social behaviors and the invasion of the privacy in the apartment complex, and maintained superficial neighborship. Fourth, on the other hand, the residents in lot-sold apartment had the feeling of being harmed by the various troubles of the permanent rental apartment.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.619-631
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to segment and examine urban farmers behavior by applying a two-step cluster analysis and multi-nominal logit model. The data were collected by a telephone survey with two-staged stratified random sampling in the cities around the country for the purpose of acquiring representative data. Respondents were asked to describe their awareness of urban agriculture, their agricultural activity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Among 2,000 cases, 381 cases(19.1%) which were of participants in urban agriculture were analysed in SPSS. From the findings, 27.3% of respondents had heard the word 'urban agriculture', and 25.5% of them regarded themselves as urban farmers. Four different clusters were derived from two-step clusters based on motive, place, companion, area and hours. They were 'Large scale hobby farming(cluster 1)', ‘Weekend farm/ hobby farming(cluster 2)', 'Land/ Self-supporting farming(cluster 3)', and 'Small scale hobby farming(cluster 4)'. The result of multinomial logistic regression showed that there were significant differences among these four segmented groups in terms of age, city size and housing type. In other words, there is quite a possibility that urbanites select different urban farming types according to their socio-demographic profiles. Therefore, the urbanite profiles can be used as the basis for promoting policy of several urban agriculture types. According to the result, policy directions for facilitating urban agriculture were presented.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2003

Lake Texoma is located on the border of southern Oklahoma and northern Texas. It has 93,000 surface acres, and is a focus of the recreation, and farming industries in the region. There are potential stressors around the Lake Texoma watershed that may cause adverse ecological effects in the lake. System assimilative capacity (SAC) is the ability of abiotic and biotic processes to atteuniate the stressors. SAC Exceeded indicates potential of occuring adverse eco-effects. A number of representative chemical release sites and stressor sources in the surrounding watershed were characterized, and several impact sites having stressors sources, such as being near agriculture, landfills, housing areas, oil production fields and heavy use recreational activity, were selected for surface water, sediment, and groundwater monitoring. A paired reference site, having similar physical characteristics as its impact site, was also chosen based on its proximity to the impact site. Lake water samples were collected at locations identified as marina entrance, gasoline filling station, and boat dock at five marinas selected on Lake Texoma from September 1999 to December 2001. Paired water and sediment samples were also collected. Groundwater samples were collected at about 70 producing monitoring wells. Water quality parameters measured were inorganics (nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, ammonia, sulfate, and chloride), dissolved methane, total organic carbon (TOC) (or DOC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and BTEX, and a suite of metals. Biotic communities were evaluated at impact and reference sites. Five basic components were measured; two terrestirial components (plants and bird comminitires) and three aquatic components (benthic inverbrates, litteral-zone fishes, ecosystem attribures). Potential impacts to these comminites were evaluated.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

The purpose of this research is to find out the differences of participation in common activities and life satisfaction of Swedish senior cohousing residents between the years of 2001 and 2010 by conducting a longitudinal study. The same questionnaire were surveyed nationwide to 186 residents of 8 Senior $G{\aa}rden$ cohousings in 2001 and 127 residents of 4 +40 cohousings in 2010, resulting in total 313 respondents' data. The results show that the +40 cohousing respondents are more likely than Senior $G{\aa}rden$ cohousing respondents to participate in all common activities, especially common meals and common coffee meetings. However, the subjective evaluation of the quantity as well as the contents of participating in common activities does not statistically differ in the two groups and life satisfaction is similarly high with a few differences. The +40 cohousing respondents are less likely to stay at and more likely to move into age-mixed cohousing if they have a chance to move when compared to their Senior $G{\aa}rden$ cohousing counterparts. The result of this research reveals that the general characteristics of senior cohousing residents have been changed and they have become more likely to be active participants of various common activities and have high life satisfaction.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 2008

This study investigates the different characteristics (mainly of community life) in representative intentional communities, between the ecovillage and cohousing, since the different purpose of the establishment of the community might result different characteristics. The study method is data analysis: the analysis material is Community Directory, A Comprehensive Guide to Intentional Communities and Cooperative Living (Rutledge, 2005). Of 750 listed communities, 397 (211 ecovillages and 186 cohousings) communities were analyzed. The findings of the study reveal that there are clear differences of community life between ecovillages and cohousings even though two communities are regarded as similar intentional communities. The similarities between the two communities are as follows: 1) Those mostly distributed in the USA, and established before 2000. 2) Dominant size of intentional communities is less than 20 residents and 20 houses. 3) They make decisions in consensus. 4) They eat together very frequently; at least once a week or more. 5) Shared work is required. The differences between the two communities are as follows: 1) They have different aims of establishment. For instance, ecovillage focus more on eco-living, while cohousing focuses more on the cohousing idea. 2) There are more female residents in cohousings than in ecovillages. 3) There are more cohousings in urban areas with a smaller area of land, contrary to that there are more ecovillages in rural areas with larger areas of land. 4) There are less identified leaders or leadership core groups in cohousing than in ecovillages. 5) Income sharing is more common in ecovillages than in cohousings. According to there findings, it is evident that a different purpose of establishment result in different characteristics of community life even though those belong to the similar category of the intentional community. Thus, it is recommended to adapt the correct characteristics that fit the aim of the community in the establishment an intentional community Topics and discussions about establishing intentional Topics and discussions abut establishing intentional communities could contribute to gather the intentional communities could contribute to gather the interests communities could contribute to gather the interests of residents as well as those of relevant civil-workers and administrators in Korea.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.63-68
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• 2011

Building deterioration would be proceeded by various causes such as physical, social, economic degradation. The deterioration would be inevitably prevented or delayed to get the decent function and performance in various building part and components. The maintenance and management are continued to provide the decent living condition for the household. The maintenance means mainly a repair, including the on-time and longterm plan. The longterm repair would be conducted by the systemic preparation in management activity and a required cost. Therefore, the annual due for the longterm repair plan is important to prepare the repair cost in a required time. In this paper, it aimed at analyzing the longterm repair cost and modelling to forecast the required cost in total area, number of household and time elapse in apartment housing. The estimation model of a repair cost is used with a power function which has a good statistics. Results of this study are shown that the sample has a longterm repair due in a $2,032won/m^2{\cdot}yr$ averagely which is higher than $912won/m^2{\cdot}yr$ in domestic. Second, the longterm repair due is proportionally correlated with the time elapse in both a total area and the number of household. Third, the estimation model for the longterm repair amount is suitable for the power function which is most in any other estimation models. Fourth, the ration of the longterm plan repair due a year to the cumulated longterm amount is about 26%.