• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to suggest an optimum guide line of the unit plan design in national housing (less than $85m^2$ of exclusive floor area in a dwelling unit). The unit plan of apartment have been improved diversely for the residents, and the family members per household have been decreased for decades comparing with the past. In contrast, the living space per household has been increased steadily, it is because of the improvement of the living standard. The unit plan have been improved from 2-bay corridor access type and 2~3 and 4-bay staircase type. In december 2005, the balcony was permitted to be used as exclusive living area without the increase of the original living area by law. So the apartment residents have been able to use more spacious area exclusively in a dwelling unit. On the other hand, the legalization on permitting balcony area into a exclusive area resulted in a distorted wide and enlarged plan only for the business profit improvement lately. The living environment has been changed differently unlike at the time of the legislation of the national housing. The family member per household has been decreased and the related law and the institution has also been changed. Moreover It has passed 40 years since the legislation of national housing ($85m^2$). So, The size of national housing should be reviewed according to the current trend in terms of the decrease of household and the utilization of balcony area.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.196-213
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• 2019

This paper attempts to analyze the contribution of different socioeconomic factors such as income, age, gender, household composition, education and employment status etc. to the difference between the Capital and Non-Capital Regions in the net wealth inequality of household in Korea. To this end, a two-stage Oaxaca-Blinder type decomposition is employed regarding the regional gap in the inequality of net wealth based upon the Recentered Influence Function of the Gini index for 'the 2018 Household Finance and Living Conditions Survey.' Despite the shortcomings of the survey data on wealth, the findings reveal that regional differences in income, marriage status (divorce), job type (agriculture, forestry and fishery related, and technical and assembly), family type (multi-cultural) variables deepen the regional gap in the net-wealth inequality, but employment status (full-time), job type (administrative and specialized, and service sales), household size variables mitigate the gap, and that regional differences in life cycles play an offsetting role.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.611-628
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine influence of home energy cost on housing cost burden of Korean and U.S. monthly renter households in urban areas and to explore influences of household and housing characteristics on their home energy cost burden. Microdata for this research was extracted from the 2011 Korean Household Budget Survey and 2009 American Housing Survey. Monthly renter households in urban areas were initially grouped based on household income, followed by a detailed analysis of housing and home energy cost. Findings are as follows: (1) The maximum ratio of home energy cost to household house hold income in Korea was 49% compared to 83% in the US; (2) Energy cost to income ratio were found to have significant influences on housing cost burden and lower income households' housing cost burden was found more vulnerable to their energy cost; (3) In general, the energy cost burden of low-income renter households in Korea tended to be influenced by household size, the number of household members staying at home during daytime hours and housing unit size. The energy cost burden of low-income renter households in the U.S. tended to be influenced by home structure type, size and age, the householder's age, race, educational attainment, the household size, number of wage earners per household, income, and the number of household members between 7 and 17 years of age.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.106-115
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate household Items and storage of kitchen and to suggest basic data for the desirable storage space. For the study, the samples were taken from 30 families living in 3-bedroom apartment. The personal interview and physical trace method were used to analyze the types and quantities of household Items and the storage conditions in kitchen furniture. The result was as follows : first, a total of 210 types of household Items were found in the kitchen, and the items ranged widely in purpose, from cooking and dining tools, hygiene products, and general household goods, which indicate that a variety activities in addition to cooking and eating are performed in the kitchen. Second, regarding the quantities of household Items, the majority of them were used for cooking and dining. Also the types and quantities of household Items varied according to the age of the child. Third, regarding storage of household Items in the kitchen by furniture type, the majority of the items were stored in the wall cabinets, base cabinets, and countertops and, as a storage method, simple 'placement' was most common. This suggests there is lack of three-dimensional storage in the kitchen. The findings show activities and storage in the kitchen space vary according to the age of the child, and household Items are stored by using several common methods.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.87-107
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• 2003

It was demonstrated that Transactivating transcriptional activator(TAT) protein from HIV-1 shown to enter cells when added to the surrounding media. TAT peptide chemically attached to various proteins was able to deliver these proteins to various cell and even in tissues in mice with high levels in heart and spleen. In this study, the tripeptide GKH(Glycine-Lysine-Histidine) derived from Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which was known as lipolytic peptide, is attached to 9-poly Lysine(TAT) to be used as a cosmetic ingredient for slimming products. When Glycerol release, expressed as extracellular glycerol concentration, is lipolysis index, TAT-GKH at $10^{-5}$mo1/L induces approximately 41.5% maximal lipolytic effects in epididymal adipocytes isolated from rats, compared with basal lipolysis. Epididymal adipose tissues of male rats is assessed ex vivo by microdialysis. Probes are perfused with Ringer solution in which increasing concentrations of TAT-GKH. The perfusion of TAT-GKH induces lipolytic effect. Penetration study showed that TAT-GKH efficiently elevates 36 times higher penetration into the excised hairless mice skin than GKH. in vivo study showed that TAT-GKH had a better effect upon the relative volume of eye bag after 28 days of application on twenty(+2) healthy female volunteers. It was identified that TAT-GKH increases penetration enhancement and lipolytic effects in both in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 2003

This study investigates the reports about financial management and financial information needs in farm household, to development financial education program for farm household. The results were as follows: 1) Financial management was carried of husband (49%), husband and wife (31.0%) and wife (15.2%) 2) Farm households demand of financial information was selling for farm products(66.5%), farm management(65.1), keeping budget(52.6%) and consumer information(42.6%). 3) The variables (sex, age, Education, farming type) have statistically significant on test of financial knowledge. 4) On the basis of results, for the stabilization of rural economy it is necessary to maximize and stabilize the rural house hold income however, it is also necessary to educate the rural people by providing the ways and means to efficiently manage the income. Thus various financial management programs and educational resources should be developed and provided to the agriculture household finance managers and the instructors in Agricultural Technology Development Center. Specially, according to the financial knowledge test as the demand of financial information in the group of respondents who answered ‘don’t know’ is higher than the demand in the group of right or wrong answers it is quite urgent to develop and provide the financial education programs and financial resources for these people.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.9 no.1 s.17
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• pp.241-257
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• 1991

The objectives of this study are : to measure the level of rent burden. to examine the independent influences of the variables related to rent burden. to measure the level of family economic problem perception. to examine the differences in the level of family economic problem perception due to rent burden, household characteristics, housing characteristics and rent incresing. For these purpose, a survey is conducted using questionaires. The data used in this study included 369 renters living in Seoul. Statistics uses for data analysis were Frequency Distribution. Percentile, men, Pearson's Correlation, Partial Correlation, One-way ANOVA, Breakdown and Multiple Regression Analysis. Major findings are as follows : The average score of rent burden was 35.87, Therefore rent burden of large cities, rental households is very heavy. Family income, housing facility quality, rent type, and rent incresing have independent influences on rent burden. The average of family economic problem perception is above the mid-point of the scale. The level of family economic problem perception differs due to rent burden, family income, family life cycle, family size, occupation of household head, education leval of household head and homemaker, rent type, housing type, housing size, housing facility quality and rent increases. If the level of rent burden is below 25, family economic problem perception is adequate.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.165-177
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction with the function of interior space of apartment and factor which influence it, and then to provide housing practitioners with basic data for more desirable apartment interior environment. On the basis of the review of literature, questionnaire was developed. The sample was classified into type of unit floor plan and house size of 17 districts in Seoul. 139 households were selected in three districts which were the first three regions of high apartment density. Data were analyzed by computer using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, F-test, Duncans multiple range test, η2 , person's product moment correlation coefficient. the results are as follows: Factors which influence satisfaction with the functionality of interior were household size and family life cycle as sociodemographic variable, and type of unit floor plan as physical variable. It was shown that the satisfaction with the functionality of interior was related to satisfaction with the external environment. More specifically, (1)the smaller a household size was the more the owner became satisfied. (2)households were in the stage of establishment in the family life cycle and households with C type of unit floor plan showed higher degree of satisfaction. (3) satisfaction with the functionality of interior had positibly related to satisfaction with the external environment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2011

5,4'-dihydroxystilbene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (Polydatin) is one of the stilbenes found in Polygonum cuspidatum (P. cuspidatum), however, the effects of polydatin on skin biology remain to be elucidated. In this study, we obtained polydatin from P. cuspidatum and investigated the effects of polydatin in skin-derived melanocytes and fibroblasts. In melanocytes, polydatin inhibited not only the tyrosinase activity and melanin production but the expression of melanogenic factors, tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). In addition, the level of type I procollagen in fibroblasts was analyzed, and polydatin significantly induced the production of type I procollagen in a dose-dependent manner. Finally we conformed that topical treatment of polydatin improved wrinkle and induced whitening of human skin in vivo. These data provide evidence that polydatin can be a potent candidate for the improvement of both skin wrinkle and whitening from the point of industry view.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.297-307
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• 2009

Korean household debt is one of the main sources of the current financial crisis. This paper studies the impact of household members' attributes such as a type of housing(self-own or rent), education, age, average monthly income of the head of household, and the area of residence, on the stress level of the household members due to household debt. We analyze a real data set collected by KB Kookmin Bank in 2004. We consider low and high stress level as a binary response variable and use a logistic regression model with the attributes of household members as explanatory variables. A simple but well-fitting model is selected by backward elimination method based on the likelihood statistic for goodness-of-fit test, and the impact of the attributes on the stress level is studied from parameter estimates of the selected model. We also perform the similar analysis on a binary response variable which distinguishes households with no debt from the rest. From the analysis, the stress level tends to be low for households with self-own houses, high average monthly income, low education level, and young members.