• 보건행정학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.50-67
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• 2007

This study investigated income elasticity of household health expenditures and differences by income level from 1998 through 2003. Data from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study was used for empirical analyses. To estimate the income effects on health expenditure, the two-part model was employed: a logistic regression for any health expenditure-first part-and a Ordinary Least Square regression for health expenditure conditional on any spending-second part. To estimate income elasticity, both health expenditure and income were log transformed in the second part. In addition, the random effects(RE) model was used for a longitudinal panel which was continuously followed from 1998 through 2003 to estimate income effects on health expenditures controlling for within and between unobservable household characteristics. Furthermore, difference in income effects on health expenditure across income level was investigated. Although income slightly increased odds of any health expenditure, there was not no table differences across income level. Income significantly increased health expenditures during study period(overall income elasticity: about 0.2) and the highest 20% income group presented higher income elasticity than the lowest 20% income group.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.81-93
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of household income drops on household economic status during economic crisis periods. Using the data taken from Korean Household Panel Study for 1996 and 1998, it was investigated how household income change affected household income, expenditure, and assets/debt. The economic status change of the income-decreased group was compared with that of the income-increased group. The major findings were as follows: Average income of the total sample was 1,905 thousand won in 1996, while 1,419 thousand won in 1998. The household of which income was decreased during the period was 65.1% of total sample. Average income of the group was reduced from 2,263 thousand won to 1,239 thousand won. Among income sources, the amount of income from real asset was found to be the highest decreasing rate, and the amounts of both business and employed-work income were reduced almost up to an half of those in two years ago. The amounts for all expenditure categories were also decreased with decreasing household income. Especially the expenditures for food away from home, leisure, durable, recreation, and vehicle-related expense were found to have the highest income elasticity. The households with decreased income were found to reduce household expenditures by 377 thousand won per month, which was 70.9% of that in 1996. Decreases in household income resulted in decreases in net wealth by 10,170 thousand won. With decreases in household income, the amounts of total insurance and private savings such as gye were decreased, and so were the amounts of real assets and monetary assets.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1285-1296
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• 2012

This study investigates the effects of changes in price, total consumption expenditures and economic sitations on Korean household demands for clothing and footwear using time-series data. The clothing and footwear category was reclassified as clothing, footwear and clothing services items for the demand analysis. This study utilized the Linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (LAIDS) model to analyze household demand. The results indicate that price and total consumption expenditures are significantly related to Korean household consumption expenditure allocations for clothing and footwear items. The effects of the IMF bailout crisis in 1997 and the global financial crisis in 2008 on household expenditure shares for clothing and footwear items were very weak and statistically insignificant. All the demand elasticities were estimated with respect to total consumption expenditures and prices. Clothing was expenditure elastic (greater than one) and other items were classified as inelastic. All the own price elasticities of demands were negative (other than clothing). Through the estimations of cross price elasticity the relationships between the demands for items and other item prices were evaluated (i.e., substitutes and complements).

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.99-114
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the decision making of family vacation as a active leisure. The sample in this study consisted of 1,616 Korean married couples and household head had a salaried job. Statistics employed for the analysis were frequencies, means, porbit and tobit analysis. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the unearned household income, the number of formal vacation types had positive effects on whether the family decide their vacations or not, while car ownership had negative effect on int. Second, the wife's satisfaction of economic status, household earned income, total household expenditure-to-total household income ratio, and car ownership were significantly related to the days of family vacations. Third, husband's and wife's education attainment, household earned income, total household expenditure-to-total household income ratio, and living region were important variables for the family vacations' expenditures.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.1-49
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• 2006

가구원의 연령 및 성별, 가구원 수 등 인구학적 특성이 가계의 소비구조에 영향을 미친다는 점을 고려할 때, 급격한 인구구조 변화는 우리나라 전체의 가계소비지출 구성에 지대한 영향을 미칠 것으로 짐작된다. 인구학적 특성의 변화가 소비지출에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 가계소비지출 통계자료에 Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System(QUAIDS) 모형을 적용하여 소비지출 항목별 구성비 함수를 추정하였으며, 경제 성장률, 인구, 가구구성 등 추정에 사용된 설명변수들의 전망치를 이용하여 2005~2020년 기간 중 우리나라 가계소비지출의 구성 변화를 전망하였다. 전망 결과에 따르면, 우리나라의 가계소비지출은 향후에도 상당한 변화를 보일 것이며, 이 가운데 많은 부분은 인구학적 특성 변화에 기인하는 것으로 분석되었다. 소비구조의 변화는 산업구조의 변화를 야기한다. 따라서 자원의 효율적 배분을 위해서는 생산요소의 유연한 산업 간 이동을 촉진하기 위한 정책적 노력이 필요하다. 한편, 본 논문의 전망 결과는 기업의 투자계획 수립에 있어 유용한 정보로 사용될 수 있다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.467-478
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study is to explain the factors influencing the incurrence of catastrophic health expenditure of national health insurance households using panel data observed over a long period. Methods: The study targeted 3,652 households who had no censoring during the 11-year survey period (2007-2017) and householders whose insurance type was consistently maintained as national health insurance. Generalized estimating equations were adopted to identify factors affecting the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure at 20%, 30%, and 40% threshold levels. A subgroup analysis was conducted by categorizing groups depending on the existence of the elderly in the household. Results: For the last 11 years, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in the households without the elderly decreased slightly at all threshold levels, but the households with the elderly seemed to be increased. At baseline, household type showed a statistically significant relationship with all other variables. The results of generalized estimating equations analyses show that household income was not significant at all threshold levels in the households without elderly. On the other hand, in the households with the elderly, the 2nd (odds ratio [OR], 1.33-2.05) and 3rd quintile groups (OR, 1.25-2.55) were more likely to have catastrophic health expenditure compared to the 1st quintile of household income group. Conclusion: As the amount of health expenditures relative to the ability to pay is increasing in households with the elderly, the application of an intervention followed by consistent monitoring is needed. This study found that there were differences in influencing factors according to the presence of the elderly in the households. In particular, in households with the elderly, interesting results have been drawn regarding the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure in the near-poor, so additional research is required.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.113-127
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• 1988

This paper attempts to investigate and analyze the change of the proportion of discretionary consumption expenditure (DCE) of main consumer goods among total household expenditure from 1964 to 1986 in Korea by reorganizing various data, particularly "Annual Report of Citizen's Household Experditure in Sooul".The result of the author's analysis can be summarized as follows. 1. The analysis shows that while the proportion of DCE in food has been increased during this period as the Korean economy developed, the value of income elasticity for beverages, liguor, out-door eating and processed food products which consist of major part of food, has been successively decreased. And also, though the absolute value of income elasticity for grain products has been increased, its proportion among total expenditure has been successively decreased. From these trends, we can conclude that general consumption pattern has a tendency to change from dependence on main grain products to the more utilization of out-door eating or processed food products. 2. The ratio of DEC of furnitures to housing expenditure has played a role of indicator of business cycle, reflecting the consumers' psychological expectation fro general economic trend. 3. In case of the proportion of DCE of clothes, there has been no great change. 4. As for as DCE of sundry expenditure is concerned, there has been no-great change in The proportion itself/ However. as the ratio of sundry expenditure to total household expenditure has been greatly increased, expenditure for leisure disproportionately increased. 5. The proportion of total DCE in total consumption expenditure, as in the case of housing, has been increased, which coincided exactly with business cyele appeared during this period. In fact, when Korea economy experienced a severe recession in 193 and 1980, that proportion deeply went down respectively, and again went up after those years. Accordingly, we can generalize that the size of DCE deperds on the formation of consumer's psychological expectation toward economy, which confirms George Katona's early proposition.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2011

Using the 1987-2008 quarterly aggregated data of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, this study investigated the factors influencing household saving rate. The independent variables in the AR regression model were the GDP growth rate, shares of the total household expenditure allocated to tax & social insurance, and education, the variables reflecting the conditions of the asset market including interest rate, stock market index, and real estate price index, and the variables representing the social economic conditions including the index of aging and income inequality. Among the independent variables interest rate, stock market index, and income inequality were found to be significantly associated with the household saving rate. These results suggested that the redistribution and financial market policies favorable to savers may be effective for raising the household saving rate.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

본 연구는 보건의료 가계소비지출 추계에 있어 가구원수별 가구 수 추계의 신뢰성과 효율성을 개선하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 다음과 같은 세 가지 연구결과를 제시하였다. 첫째, 기존 국민의료비 추계과정에서 이루어지고 있는 가구 원수별 가구 수의 추계는 우리나라 인구사회학적 변화추이를 충분히 고려하지 않았다. 그래서 그 결과의 신뢰성과 정책적 유용성 측면에서 심각한 문제가 발생하고 었다. 둘째, 이에 대한 실증적 근거로 기존 보건의료 가계소비지출 규모의 추계결과가 실제적인 규모에 비해 과소추계 되었음을 제시했다. 셋째, 보다 신뢰할 수 있고 효울적인 보건의료 가계소비지출 규모를 추계하기 위해서는 우리나라 인구사회학적 변화추이가 반영된 가구원수별 가구 수의 장래 추계결과를 활용해야 할 것이다. 그 대안으로 통계청에서 매 5 년 마다 주기적으로 조사하여 발표하고 있는 인구주택 총조사 가구 수 통계와 장래 추계가구 수의 증가율을 활용해야 함을 제시하고자 한다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.23-48
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• 2008

Although the universal health insurance, National Health Insurance (NHI), have improved access to health care and financial burden of health care costs for Koreans, limited coverage of the NHI leads to high out-of-pocket payment for health care. This study examines financial burden of household health expenditures by income level. Data from the Urban Household Expenditure Survey from 1985 through 2005 is analyzed and household expenditure is used as a proxy measure for income. Health expenditures include spending for inpatient care, ambulatory care and pharmaceuticals. If a household spends health expenditure above 40% of household consumption except for foods, that is defined as catastrophic health expenditure. Access to health care for the lowest income group had been improved for two decades relative to other income groups as well as in absolute term. However, both financial burden of health expenditures and the proportion of households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure had been increased in the lowest income group. Study findings have several policy implications. First, in terms of financial burden of health expenditures. the differences among income groups decreased until 2000 but it was worsen in 2005. This suggests that recent policies for extending NHI coverage are not enough to improve the disparity by income level. Second, a differential catastrophic coverage by income level would be an effective strategy that relieves financial burden for low income group. Third, since the catastrophic coverage is applied to only covered services by the NHI, additional strategy for uncovered services should be considered.