• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.344-350
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• 2012

돈사폐수의 분획별 및 우리나라 기후변화 특성에 대한 활성슬러지-인공습지 공법에 의한 돈사폐수처리장의 대응성을 검토하기 위하여 오염물질 분획별 및 계절별 수처리효율을 조사하였다. 오염물질 분획별 수처리효율을 조사한 결과 최종 방류수의 COD는 213.5 mg/L정도로 soluble형태가 71.5 mg/L, insoluble형태가 142 mg/L정도이었고, SS함량은 118 mg/L정도로 volatile형태가 102 mg/L, fixed형태가 15.5 mg/L정도이었으며, 최종 방류수의 T-N함량은 47.8 mg/L 정도로 dissolved형태가 12.8 mg/L, suspended형태가 35.0 mg/L정도이었다. 또한 방류수의 T-P함량은 3.05 mg/L정도로 dissolved형태가 1.13 mg/L, suspended형태가 1.93 mg/L정도이었다. 활성슬러지-인공습지 공법에 의한 돈사폐수처리장에서 계절별 수처리효율을 조사한 결과 COD, SS 및 T-P의 처리효율은 98, 99 및 99%이상으로 계절에 따라 별 다른 차이 없이 높은 처리효율을 보였고, T-N 처리효율은 여름 (99.5%)${\geq}$가을 (99.1%)${\geq}$겨울 (98.7%)${\geq}$봄 (98.2%)의 순으로 여름철에 가장 높은 처리효율을 보였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1985

미리용(未利用) 식물(植物)인 부레옥잠의 도시하수(都市下水)나 공장배수(工場排水)의 정화(淨化) 가능성(可能性)을 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 현장폐수(現場廢水)에 대한 실증실험(實證實驗)과 생장(生長)에 미치는 요인(要因)을 구명(究明)하고자 실내실험(室內實驗)을 통해 나타난 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 성질(性質)이 서로 다른 현장폐수(現場廢水)에 적용한 결과에서 볼 때 부레옥잠의 유기물제거(有機物除去)는 대상 유기물의 종류(種類)에 따라 효율(效率)의 차이는 있으나 대체로 고농도(高濃度)에서 평균처리효율(平均處理效率)이 높으며, 초기(初期)의 제거율(除去率)이 보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2. 부레옥잠의 생장(生長)에 대한 최적(最適)pH는 중성~약산성이었으며, pH에 따른 피해는 산성보다 알카리성에서 더욱 컸다. 3. Nacl농도(濃度)가 0.5%인 경우는 36시간 후 뿌리 활성(活性)을 완전(完全)히 잃었으나, 0.01%에 있어서는 24시간 후까지는 큰 변화(變化)가 없었다. 4. 수온(水溫)에 따른 공시재료의 생장효과(生長效果)는 $17\sim21^{\circ}C$에서 높았으며, 수온(水溫)이 높아짐에 따라 생장(生長)이 억제(抑制)되어 $30^{\circ}C$의 경우는 현저히 감소(減少)되었다. 5. 차광(遮光)이 됨에 따라 부레옥잠 생장(生長)은 억제(抑制)되었으며, 그 경향은 기온(氣溫)이 낮아질수록 심하였다. 6. 포장조건(圃場條件)에서 부레옥잠의 개체증식(個體增殖)을 6월 14일부터 7월 19일까지 5주 동안 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), 1개체에서 12.3개체로 증식(增殖)되었으며 평균(平均) 생장(生長) 속도(速度)는 53.6g/week, 비교생장율(比較生長率)은 0.302g/g/week였다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In the present study, the removal of Pb (II) ions on oxidized activated carbons (ACs) was investigated. ACs were derived from activation of indigenous cotton stalks waste with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in two-stage process. The KOH-ACs were subjected to liquid-phase oxidation with hot $HNO_3$ and one untreated sample was included for comparison. The obtained carbons were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), slurry pH and $N_2$-adsorption at 77 K, respectively. Adsorption capacity of Pb (II) ions on the resultant carbons was determined by batch equilibrium experiments. The experimental results indicated that the oxidation with nitric acid was associated with a significant increase in mass of yield as well as a remarkable reduction in internal porosity as compared to the untreated carbon. The AC-800N revealed higher adsorption capacity than that of AC-800, although the former sample exhibited low surface area and micropore volume. It was observed that the adsorption capacity enhancement attributed to pore widening, the generation of oxygen functional groups and potassium containing compounds leading to cation-exchange on the carbon surface. These results show that the oxidized carbons represented prospective adsorbents for enhancing the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.164-170
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• 2007

The Tancheon wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) in Seoul using anaerobic digestion to reduce the outlet sludge produces anaerobic digester gas which contains 65% $CH_4$ and 35% $CO_2$. The gas purification equipment was installed and operated to use Anaerobic Digester Gas(ADG) as a fuel for molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC). The processes consist of the desulfurizer and the adsorption tower to remove $H_2S$ and siloxane in the gas. The gas purification equipment removed virtually over 95% of $H_2S$ and over 99% of siloxane. Results has demonstrated that the fuel cell can produce electrical output and hot water with negligible air emissions of CO, NOx and $SO_2$. The site provides the first opportunity in Korea for demonstrating Molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC) which the digester gas was applied to the fuel gas.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.440-447
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• 2007

This paper is dealing with recent hot issues related with copper toxicity and its criteria, which was caused by a new government policy relocating some industries discharging priority-water quality pollutants from the watershed of Han River to other regions. Author is not interested in arguments between two sides of anti- and pro-policy but would like to go over status of copper pollution and its management and regulatory policy in Korea. From the data of published Research Journals and Reports, it can be concluded that copper is very common metal not only in the effluent from publically owned wastewater treatment plants, but also as a non-point source pollutant in the rainfall runoff. In addition, there have been very few studies personal interests, not by National Fund Basis. In order to enforce a new regulation, national-wide macro and micro-mass balance work of heavy metals should be performed in advance. In particular, background concentration and measurement errors have to be clearly defined before a new standard or criteria is established. The new standard has to be acceptable in terms of the best available technology and cost.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.318-325
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• 1999

한지를 만들 때 발생하는 폐수로부터 분리하여 얻은 슬러지를 분석하여 본 결과 잿물 삶기 공정과 최종 화학 및 미생물처리 공정의 슬러지는 섬유질이 아니고, 표백 공정, 표백제 씻기 공정, 그리고 지통으로 옮기기 공정의 슬러지는 섬유질이었다. 고형분의 양은 표백 공정에서 가장 많았다. 수분 함량은 표백, 표백제 씻기 및 최종 화학 및 미생물 처리 공정의 슬러지 시료가 80~90% 정도로 많은 것으로 나타났다. 각 공정에서 발생되는 슬러지의 pH를 냉수와 열수를 이용하여 측정한 결과 표백 시료가 하이포아염소산 이온으로 인해 다른 시료보다 높은 pH를 나타내었다. 슬러지의 무기물 성분 함량은 잿물 삶기 시료에서는 Na, 표백제 씻기 시료에서는 Ca, 최종 화학 및 미생물 처리 슬러지에서는 Ca 와 Al을 주로 포함하고 있었으며, 그 외에도 Mg, Fe, K, P, Mn, Ti 등도 적은 양을 포함하고 있었다. 회분의 함량은 표백 공정의 슬러지일 경우에 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 슬러지를 주사 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 섬유질 모양과 결정성 모양으로 존재함을 알 수 있었는데 섬유질의 폭은 $5{\sim}50{\mu}m$ 정도이었다. 냉수와 온수에서 녹아 나오는 가용분과 알코올-벤젠 가용분 모두 표백 공정의 슬러지에서 가장 많았다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제22권
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Porous materials play a vital role in science and technology. The ability to control their pore structures at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales enable interactions with atoms, ions and molecules to occur throughout the bulk of the material, for practical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene aerogels/hydrogels, sponges and foams) made of graphene or graphene oxide-based networks have attracted considerable attention because they offer low density, high porosity, large surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and stable mechanical properties. Water pollution and associated environmental issues have become a hot topic in recent years. Rapid industrialization has led to a massive increase in the amount of wastewater that industries discharge into the environment. Water pollution is caused by oil spills, heavy metals, dyes, and organic compounds released by industry, as well as via unpredictable accidents. In addition, water pollution is also caused by radionuclides released by nuclear disasters or leakage. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art synthesis methodologies of 3D porous graphene materials and highlights their synthesis for environmental applications. The various synthetic methods used to prepare these 3D materials are discussed, particularly template-free self-assembly methods, and template-directed methods. Some key results are summarized, where 3D graphene materials have been used for the adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, and radioactive materials from polluted environments.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2014

In the present work, $WO_3$ and $WO_3-TiO_2$ were prepared by the chemical deposition method. Structural variations, surface state and elemental compositions were investigated for preparation of $WO_3-TiO_2$ sonocatalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed for characterization of these new photocatalysts. A rhodamine B (Rh.B) solution under ultrasonic irradiation was used to determine the catalytic activity. Excellent catalytic degradation of an Rh.B solution was observed using the $WO_3-TiO_2$ composites under ultrasonic irradiation. Sonocatalytic degradation is a novel technology of treating wastewater. During the ultrasonic treatment of aqueous solutions sonoluminescence, cavitaties and "hot spot" occurred, leading to the dissociation of water molecules. In case of a $WO_3$ coupled system, a semiconductor coupled with two components has a beneficial role in improving charge separation and enhancing $TiO_2$ response to ultrasonic radiations. In case of the addition of $WO_3$ as new matter, the excited electrons from the $WO_3$ particles are quickly transferred to $TiO_2$ particle, as the conduction band of $WO_3$ is 0.74 eV which is -0.5 eV more than that of $TiO_2$. This transfer of charge should enhance the oxidation of the adsorbed organic substrate. The result shows that the photocatalytic performance of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles was improved by loading $WO_3$.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 1994

ZnO-$Fe_2O_3$ 복합금속 산화물 흡착제가 황화수소 제거능이나 황화된 흡착제의 산화적 재생반응에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. Zinc ferrite 흡착제가 가장 높은 황화수소 제거능을 나타내었고 혼합한 $Fe_2O_3$ 흡착제는 황화반응 도중 H$_2$S의 생성을 촉진시킴을 알 수 있었다. 또한 황화반응의 결과로 생성되는 금속황화물들이 H$_2$S 열분해의 촉매로 작용하였으며 H$_2$는 $Fe_2O_3$의 함량이 증가할수록 더 많이 발생하였다. 산화적 재생반응의 결과로부터 ZnS를 제외하고 $Fe_2O_3$를 혼합한 흡착제는 모두 잘 재생됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 산화적 재생반응 도중 생성될 수 있다고 보고된 zinc sulfate는 생성되지 않았다. 그리고 SO$_2$ 발생 곡선의 형태나 완전재생에 소요되는 시간을 기준으로 판단해 볼 때 $Fe_2O_3$의 혼합량의 변화는 산화적 재생반응에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2014

Biochar application to soil is widely known to have effects of climate change mitigation and soil quality improvement. However, effects of biochar on soil ecosystem are not always positive and some biochars are reported to contain toxic materials which might influence soil ecosystem. In this context, this study aims to investigate behavioral changes of earthworms(Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei) in response to different application rates of biochar to artificial soil. Treatment included two types of biochars made from rice husk (RH_Char) and wastewater sludge (SL_Char) with 1% and 10% application rates, respectively. Avoidance test revealed that earthworms did not avoid SL_Char treatments at 1% and 10%, while they rather moved to the RH_Char treatments probably due to higher labile carbon content(Hot water extractable carbon) of the RH_Char. The HWC content of RH_Char was 4 times higher than that of the SL_Char. Results of reproduction test showed that the survival rates, number of juveniles and number of cocoons were not influenced by biochar application except for the treatment of SL_Char at 10% rate. In the SL_Char 10% treatment, fatality was approximately 3.3 times as high as the control and the number of cocoons was 1.3 times higher in the same treatment than the control, indicating that earthworms were under environmental stress. The possible explanation for the stress condition was related to higher Cd, Ni, Cr, and As contents in the SL_Char. Overall results imply that biochar application at low rate might not change earthworms' behavior for the short term, while the reproduction behavior might be negatively influenced under the high application rate.