• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.176-181
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to find the causes of ineffective seed disinfection methods such as rice seeds soaking in hot water and prochloraz EC solution when the rice seeds were severely infected by Bakanae disease. In case of rice seeds collected from severely diseased field by Bakanae disease, the pathogen as the forms of spores and mycelium were infected in plumule and inner and outer integument of embryo, aleurone layer, and pericarp layer. When the rice seeds were soaked in hot water, the appearances of spores and hypha on the outer pericarp layer were severely disordered, however those of inner region of outer integument and aleurone layer were shown normal. The membrane of hypha on the outer pericarp layer was destroyed within 24 hours, while some spores were healthy and germinated 7 days after soaking, when the rice seeds soaked 24 hours in 125 ppm prochloraz solution at $30^{\circ}C$. These results indicated that the seed disinfection methods were ineffective on the Bakanae disease severely infected rice seed because the hot water did not transmit the pericarp layer of rice seed and also prochloraz solution did not effectively destroy the spore of pathogen.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.682-689
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• 2015

A two-step process was investigated for pretreatment and fractionation of rice straw. The two-step fractionation process involves first, soaking rice straw in aqueous ammonia (SAA) in a batch reactor to recover lignin-rich hydrolysate. This is followed by a second-step treatment in a fixed-bed flow-through column reactor to recover xylo-oligomer-rich hydrolysate. The remaining glucan-rich solid cake is then subjected to an enzymatic process. In the first variant, SAA treatment in the first step dissolves lignin at moderate temperature (60 and $80^{\circ}C$), while in the second step, hot-water treatment is used for xylan removal at higher temperatures ($150{\sim}210^{\circ}C$). Under optimal conditions ($190^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, 30 min reaction time, 5.0 ml/min flow rate, and 2.3 MPa reaction pressure), the SAA-hot-water fractionation removed 79.2% of the lignin and 63.4% of the xylan. In the second variant, SAA was followed by treatment with dilute sulfuric acid. With this process, optimal treatment conditions for effective fractionation of xylo-oligomer were found to be $80^{\circ}C$, 12 h reaction time, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12 in the first step; and 5.0 ml $H_2SO_4/min$, $170^{\circ}C$, and 2.3 MPa in the second step. After this two-step fractionation process, 85.4% lignin removal and 78.9% xylan removal (26.8% xylan recovery) were achieved. Use of the optimized second variant of the two-step fractionation process (SAA and $H_2SO_4$) resulted in enhanced enzymatic digestibility of the treated solid (99% glucan digestibility) with 15 FPU (filter paper unit) of CTec2 (cellulase)/g-glucan of enzyme loading, which was higher than 92% in the two-step fractionation process (SAA and hot-water).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.317-320
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• 2008

The Hot Stamping process, which is the hot pressing of steel parts using cold dies. can utilize both case of shaping and high strength due to the hardening effect of rapid quenching during the pressing. We carried out experiments of quenching rate and tempering treatments at temperatures of $200^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$ and different soaking times. Tn this study, the mechanical properties and microstructure of micro boron alloyed steels after heat treatments are compared.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2001

In research. which Korean pickled cucumber was treated wish various methods, including blanching. brining in hot solution, and treating with trehalose. I examined the changes of properties of material. The Korean pickled cucumber were fermented 4∼5$^{\circ}C$ for 42 days in 1% salt solution. The physiochemical properties were pH, total acidity, total cell count, lactic acid bacteria and texture properties were also evaluated. The result showed that the effect of blanching and soaking cucumber in 100$^{\circ}C$ hot salt solution significantly reduced the softening rate of texture while a rather rapid fermentation was found for those preserved with salt. The effect of trehalose treatment inhenced fermentation but it was significantly reduced softening rate of texture. The texture evaluation of Korean pickled cucumber was found that heat treatment with blanching after soaked in hot solution and trehalose treatment had a positive effect for reduction of softening of cucumber tissue.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

Four kinds of leaves with different shapes of leaf blade were used as experimental materials to establish an optimum condition for treating leaves to obtain skeleton leaves. Effective concentration and length of soaking time in a hot NaOH solution, which resulted in high valued ornaments, were 60% (v/v) for 50 minutes for Acer buergerianum (palmatifid), 20% (v/v) for 50 minutes for Ilex cornuta (serrate), 20-60% (v/v) for 70 minutes for Quercus mongolia (lobed), and 20-40% (v/v) for 70 minutes for Quercus palustris (parted). Through a series of the process of soaking leaves in a hot NaOH solution, rinsing or brushing to remove mesophyll, drying, and dying, high quality ornaments could be obtained.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2008

This study was carried out to determine the optimal cooking conditions for various rice cultivars (Ilpoom, Saechucheong, Sindongjin, and Sura-top rice) using trial preparations with different soaking times (0, 30, and l20min) and cooking equipment (electric pressure cookers, electric cookers, gas pressure cookers, iron pots, and stone pots). In adddition, the texture and sensory characteristics of the rice prepared with the electric pressure cookers, gas pressure cookers, and stone pots were analyed. The results showed that the moisture, amylose and physicochemical compositions of the four rice varieties were similar. According to RVA, the Sura, cultivar had generally high viscosity, and the Ilpoom, cultivar presented the highest hot and peak viscosities. Saechucung had the highest initial gelatinizing temperature and Sindongjin showed the greatest setback. The optimal amounts of added water as well as heating conditons were dependent on the rice varieties, soaking times, and cooking equipment. A longer soaking time reduced the hardness of the cooked rice, amount of added water, and the heating time. The pressure cooking equipment provided the best cooked rice texture, reduced the affect of the soaking time, and decreased the heating time. In general, all the variaties of cooked rice had high overall acceptability, which tended to increase when the rice was soaked for 30min prior to cooking, had a 1.2-fold amount of water to rice added, and was cooked in the pressure equipment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.312-312
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• 2017

The study was conducted to select optimal materials for promoting germination rate, high sprouting vigor by priming treatment using PEG 6000 (water potential -0.5 to 2.0 Mpa) and Azolla extracts (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0%) extracted by ethanol, distilled, and/or hot water in colored rice cultivars. Each rice seed (three black rice cultivars and two red rice cultivars) was soaked 24 and 48 hr including untreated control. In black rice, Joseongheugchal rice cultivar, azolla ethanol extract (0.1%) induced highest germination rate, germination speed was taken to 5 days in distilled water and to 3days in Azolla extracts extracted hot water. Otherwise, degree of bacterial inhibition (number of colony, $10^3cfu$) in dry seed, water soaking for 24hr, soaking with fungicide for 24hr and 48hr, soaking with fungicide and aeration for 24hr and 48 hr was 22, 500, 95, and 0.46, respectively. In order to minimize fungal inhibition, a method can be chosen to combination of soaking fungicide and aeration for 48 hr. In seed priming treatments using growth pouch, seed soaking with fungicide did not affect change of germination percentage and germination speed, it delayed only 2 or 4day in the Joseongheugchal rice cultivar. It differs from rice cultivars and priming materials, Azolla extract(0.1 to 1%) promotes seed germination percentage in the Ilpum, Hongjinju, and Joseonghuegchal, in addition, germination in Jeogjinju cultivar was only promoted by PEG solution(10 to 20%), otherwise, it showed much lower or inhibited on the germination in Heugjinju and Sinmyungheugchal rice cultivars. In a paddy field trial, seedling establishment rate by applying PEG6000 and azolla extract did not show significantly statistical difference. When it compared with untreated control, seedling establishment rate was increased over 50% in priming treatments. Interestingly, seedling establishment rate under azolla extract (0.1%) extracted with ethanol was promoted over 2.5 times compared to the control in a black rice, Joseongheugchal and red rice, Jeogjinju.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.345-355
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate rice seed disinfection efficacy of loess-sulfur for the suppression of Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Rice seeds were treated at different concentrations of loess-sulfur, soaking time and temperature, and combination of hot-water treatment. Rice cultivar, Shindongjin harvested from Bakanae disease-infested area in 2015, was used. Loess-sulfur was treated as follows; concentration of undiluted solution, 2%, 1% and 0.5%; soaking time of 24 and 48 hours; treatment temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$; hot water treatment or not. Optimal conditions of rice seed disinfection were selected soaking time of 48 hours and the suspension of 0.5% and 1% loess-sulfur by investigating seed germination and isolation frequency of Fusarium spp. on Komada agar medium in vitro, and were established 3 disinfection conditions as hot water ($60^{\circ}C$, 10 min.) + 1% loess-sulfur ($20^{\circ}C$, 48 hours), 1% loess-sulfur only ($30^{\circ}C$, 48 hours) and 1% loess-sulfur only ($20^{\circ}C$, 48 hours) through additional test in greenhouse. Above 3 conditions were verified by rice seedling box and paddy field test in the way of investigating Bakanae diseased plants (%) and healthy plants (%). Consequently, most effective rice seed disinfection conditions on Bakanae disease were combination of hot water and 1% loess-sulfur and loess-sulfur only at $30^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, treatments with these conditions showed control value of 100% were maintained from seedling to the heading stage in the field. However, treatment of 1% loess-sulfur only at $20^{\circ}C$ showed low control value of 78.2% in paddy field. Hot water only treatment turned out to be an effective disinfection method when conducted thoroughly with $60^{\circ}C$, 10 min. However, it was thought additional soaking process with loess-sulfur after hot water treatment served more high control effect against Bakanae disease when rice seeds were disinfected on a large scale. This results expected rice seed disinfection with loess-sulfur were effectively and easily usable method if farmers had only one of either hot water-disinfector or seed-disinfector. In addition, loess-sulfur is well-known to farmers, simple to manufacture method and cheap.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.180-188
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• 2024

In this study, chemical properties and functional ingredients of ginger and ginger pomace discarded after juice were analyzed. Ginger and ginger pomace were subjected to hot air drying, steaming, followed by hot air drying, soaking in vitamin C for 1 hour and 3 hours. When soaked in vitamin C for 3 hours, the moisture content was highest at 9.2% for ginger and 7.3% for ginger pomace. Among inorganic ingredients, the potassium (K) content was high at 2,633.6 mg% in hot air-dried ginger after steaming and at 1,584.3 mg% in ginger pomace. Total flavonoid content of ginger pomace was high at 67.3 mg/g when soaked in vitamin C for 3 hours. Gingerol content was the highest at 9.8 mg/g when ginger was dried with hot air. It was 10.5 mg/g in ginger pomace. After ginger pomace was steamed and dried with hot air, shogaol content was as high as 2.0 mg/g.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.42-45
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• 2008

Under the non-operating exposure condition in the hot area, the T-50 cockpit temperature is expected over the requirement according to T-50 environmental criteria. So it is necessary to protect the cockpit from the high temperature condition during the non-operating exposure because the high temperature of the cockpit may result in the cockpit equipment malfunction. In this study, the transparency coating is selected as the method for protecting the cockpit from the high temperature exposure and analyzed the effect on the cockpit heat load attenuation. Some kinds of cockpit coating were reviewed and selected and the analysis was performed about the effect before and after coating application under 1% hot day condition based on the T-50 FSD hot soaking test data. The result of analysis show transparency coating is so effective to attenuate the heat load of T-50 cockpit.