• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.2150-2158
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the flow structure and mixing process of a cross mixing flow formed by two round jets with respect to the ratio of mass flow rate. This flow configuration is of great practical relevance in a variety of combustion systems, and the flow behaviour of a cross jet defends critically on the ratio of mass flow rate and the cross angle. The mass flow rate ratios of two different jets were controlled as 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, and 0.4, and the crossing angle of two round jets was fixed at 45 degree. The velocities issuing from jet nozzle with an exit diameter of 20mm were adjusted to 40m/s, 32m/s, 24m/s, and 16m/s, and the measurements have been conducted in the streamwise range of $1.1X_0$to $2.5X_0$ by an on-line measurement system consisted of a constant temperature type two channel hot-wire anemometry connected to a computer analyzing system. The original air flow was generated by a subsonic wind tunnel with reliable stabilities and uniform flows in the test section. For the analysis of the cross mixing flow structure in the downstream region after the cross point, the mean velocity profiles, the resultant velocity contours, and the three-dimensional profiles depending upon the mass flow rate ratio have been concentrately studied.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 1984

This study contains the scientific justification of the forest aromatic bath(F.A.B) in the stage of introduction and the general concepts using in the design of the forest aromatic bath ground, especially definition of F.A.B, basic activities and facilities, carrying capacity and criteria deserving much consideration in designing of it. Terpene, the origin of F.A.B appearance, is made clear that it is efficacious in our physical health. The forest (coniferous one) mainly exhales terpene about noon and morning and seasonally spring and summer time. The most influential factor to exhale terpene is the climate one-wind, temperature, sunlight, humidity. Forest canopy and leaves are related to the concentration of terpene in the forest area. The basic activities for F.A.B are mostly static, and so are the facilities. The forest aromatic bath room(F.A.B.R) which a person must be given for F.A.B. is $169m^2$, 59 persons per ha. This $169m^2$ is the carrying capacity of F.A.B. The sites of F.A.B.G. might better be located around the national and provincial park, mountain torrent, hot spring zone and the waterfronts. Meanwhile, forest management in F.A.B.G should be enforce in order to keep on constantly maintaining the exhalation quantity of terpene.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.179-190
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• 2015

The current movie world is called the era of faction hot-wind by the continuous hits of faction films. The interpretation of the missing 15 days in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty during Gwang-hae's reign based on one sentence in the record makes 'faction' that there was another king, drives audiences to absorption and imagination in the faction film < Gwang-hae: The Man Who Became King >. Furthermore, this film redefined historical king Gwang-hae as an ambivalent image through Gwang-hae and Ha-sun who filled the role as the king in it. Also, this film was appraised by reviews of reinterpretation of the image of leader who people want and hit success when the film released before the season of the presidential election. This thesis considers 'Faction' which is marked as a new image content and analyzes the film < Gwang-hae: The Man Who Became King > which is listed as Korea's all-time sixth highest grossing film with 12,323,555 tickets sold nationwide by three sections; < Gwang-hae: The Man Who Became King > as faction film, two images of Gwang-hae, and the appropriateness of film release time. In conclusion, the film < Gwang-hae: The Man Who Became King >. succeeded since it communicated with people to satisfy their wishes and taste. It would be necessary to study and analyze the basic connection between the trend of movies and Strategic elements of the box-office results, and a significant stride for progression of the movies.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-65
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate nucleotide sequence and extract cytotoxicity of Scolopendrae corpus. The nature and taste of Scolopendrae corpus is hot, Warm and toxic, and the effect of this is dispelling wind, anti-spasmodic action and detoxication so it has been used for C.V.A, facial palsy, sensory disorder at extremities, wounds and arthritis. Methods : Scolopendrae corpus were collected by locality on the market. They were morphologically classified. Their nucleotide sequence was investigated and compared among them. In addition, the water-alcohol extract cytotoxicity of them was studied by MTT-based cytotoxicity assay. Results : It was shown that the each Scolopendrae corpus by locality is almost identical at genetic result and is identified as Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch. Nucleotide sequence of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch in this study will help to discriminate other species of Scolopendrae corpus. The water-alcohol extract of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch did not induce cytotoxicity on Hep G2, L929 cell and peritoneal macrophages. Besides, it did not influence nitrite production of peritoneal macrophages. These results can be used as basic data for genetic discrimination with another species of scolopendrae corpus.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.492-496
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to obtain the maximum quantity of essential oil on the basis of harvesting time, cultivation regions & types, and drying methods. We have selected 6 native and introduced herbs viz. $Thymus$ $quinquecostatus$, $Agastache$ $rugosa$, $Chrysanthemum$ $indicum$, $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$, $Chamaemelum$ $nobile$, and $Lavandula$ $stoechas$. The quantity of essential oil ranged from 0.06% to 3.46% in all six herbs. Native herbs produce 30.5% higher quantity of oil in comparison to introduced herbs. The quantity of essential oil obtained from $Lavandula$ $stoechas$ was 3.46%, followed by $Rosmarinus$ $officinalis$ 2.89%, while minimum in $Agastache$ $rugosa$ 0.60%. Higher quantity of essential oil obtained if they are cultivated under rain shelter culture (PE film) in comparison to open field conditions. Recovery of essential oil is always high if herbs flower in July. Semi-alpine region was found better than the plain region for herbs production. Quantity of oil is high if oil is extracted from fresh herbs followed by freezed herbs, shade dry and hot wind dry herbs. As far as plant part is concern flower produced maximum oil than any other part.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.721-736
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• 2019

In this paper, the behavior of the fire smoke due to the operation of the ventilation systems when the fire occurred in the underground station (6 basement floors) and the tunnel at the great depth was measured. Fire smoke was generated by using a smoke generator which realized heat buoyancy effect by using hot air blower. The two locations of the fire were selected on the platform and on the platform of the tunnel located outside the screen door. A ventilation mode is generally used in which smoke is exhausted through a vent hole provided in a platform when a platform fire occurs. The tests were performed by operating the exhaust through the ventilation holes of the tunnel part located at both ends of the platform. The smoke density and the wind speed/velocity were measured at various positions, and the videos were taken to analyze the movement and smoke of the smoke. In both cases for fire inside the platform and in the railway tunnel, due to the ventilation mode operation of the fan for the platform and the exhaust of the fans in the tunnel smoke were well exhausted and the smoke propagation to the area near the smoke zone was suppressed. The smoke-control mode, which is applied to both fans for the platform and fans for in the tunnel at both ends of the platform, can provide a safer evacuation environment to the passengers from the fire smoke when the platform fire or fire train stops.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2019

In this study, a commercial production stepwise method for restorative rice with high quality and microbial safety was developed. The stepwise treatment method included steaming, refrigerated aging, and low temperature drying. The soaking rice was steamed twice at $90-100^{\circ}C$, and then, the rice was aged at $0-10^{\circ}C$, frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$, and dried at low temperatures with 5 m/s wind speed at $1-20^{\circ}C$ and 85% relative humidity. Applying the three steps improved sensory qualities compared with the conventional hot air drying and made storage at room temperature for 3 months possible. Specifically, the moisture content of the restorative rice was increased to 30%, which was 4.3 times higher than the 7% of the conventional air dried rice, and the rice grain shape was well maintained. The texture and appearance of the three-step rice were significantly improved (p<0.05) in a sensory evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.73-85
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• 2015

This study investigated the extent and magnitude of the woodland edge effects on users' thermal environments according to distance from woodland border. A series of experiments to measure air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, MRT and UTCI were conducted over six days between July 31 and August 5, 2015, which corresponded with extremely hot weather, at the south-facing edge of Hadongsongrim(pure Pinus densiflora stands, tree age: $100{\pm}33yr$, tree height: $12.8{\pm}2.7m$, canopy closure: 75%, N $35^{\circ}03^{\prime}34.7^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}44^{\prime}43.3^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 7~10m) and east-facing edge of Hamyangsangrim (Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii community, tree age: 102~125yr/58~123yr, tree height: tree layer $18.6{\pm}2.3m/subtree$ layer $5.9{\pm}3.2m/shrub$ layer $0.5{\pm}0.5m$, herbaceous layer coverage ratio 60%, canopy closure: 96%, N $35^{\circ}31^{\prime}28.1^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, E $127^{\circ}43^{\prime}09.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation 170~180m) in rural villages of Hadong and Hamyang, Korea. The minus result value of depth means woodland's outside. The depth of edge influence(DEI) on the maximum air temperature, minimum relative humidity and wind speed at maximum air temperature time during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $12.7{\pm}4.9$, $15.8{\pm}9.8$ and $23.8{\pm}26.2m$, respectively, in the mature evergreen conifer woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $3.7{\pm}2.2$, $4.9{\pm}4.4$ and $2.6{\pm}7.8m$, respectively, in the deciduous broadleaf woodland of Hamyansangrim. The DEI on the maximum 10 minutes average MRT, UTCI from the three-dimensional environment absorbed by the human-biometeorological reference person during the daytime(10:00~17:00) were detected to be $7.1{\pm}1.7$ and $4.3{\pm}4.6m$, respectively, in the relatively sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim. These were detected to be $5.8{\pm}4.9$ and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$, respectively, in the dense and closed woodland of Hadongsongrim. Edge effects on the thermal environments of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, MRT and UTCI in the sparse woodland of Hadongsongrim were less pronounced than those recorded in densed and closed woodland of Hamyansangrim. The gradient variation was less steep for maximum 10 minutes average UTCI with at least $4.3{\pm}4.6m$(Hadongsongrim) and $3.5{\pm}4.1m$(Hamyansangrim) being required to stabilize the UTCI at mature woodlands. Therefore it is suggested that the woodlands buffer widths based on the UTCI values should be 3.5~7.6 m(Hamyansangrim) and 4.3~8.9(Hadongsongrim) m on each side of mature woodlands for users' thermal comfort environments. The woodland edge structure should be multi-layered canopies and closed edge for the buffer effect of woodland edge on woodland users' thermal comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.100-119
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• 2020

During recent years, the heat environment and particulate matter (PM₁₀) have become serious environmental problems, as increases in heat waves due to rising global temperature interact with weakening atmospheric wind speeds. There exist urban heat islands and urban pollution islands with higher temperatures and air pollution concentrations than other areas. However, few studies have examined these issues together because of a lack of micro-scale data, which can be constructed from spatial data. Today, with the help of satellite images and big data collected by private telecommunication companies, detailed spatial distribution analyses are possible. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the spatial distribution patterns of urban heat islands and urban pollution islands within Busan Metropolitan City and to compare the distributions of the two phenomena. In this study, the land surface temperature of Landsat 8 satellite images, air temperature and particulate matter concentration data derived from a private automated meteorological observation system were gridded in 30m × 30m units, and spatial analysis was performed. Analysis showed that simultaneous zones of urban heat islands and urban pollution islands included some vulnerable residential areas and industrial areas. The political migration areas such as Seo-dong and Bansong-dong, representative vulnerable residential areas in Busan, were included in the co-occurring areas. The areas have a high density of buildings and poor ventilation, most of whose residents are vulnerable to heat waves and air pollution; thus, these areas must be considered first when establishing related policies. In the industrial areas included in the co-occurring areas, concrete or asphalt concrete-based impervious surfaces accounted for an absolute majority, and not only was the proportion of vegetation insufficient, there was also considerable vehicular traffic. A hot-spot analysis examining the reliability of the analysis confirmed that more than 99.96% of the regions corresponded to hot-spot areas at a 99% confidence level.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.327-340
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• 2017

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2016. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of flow, heat and mass transfer, the reduction of pollutant exhaust gas, cooling and heating, the renewable energy system and the flow around buildings. CFD schemes were used more for all research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results of the long-term performance variation of the plate-type enthalpy exchange element made of paper, design optimization of an extruded-type cooling structure for reducing the weight of LED street lights, and hot plate welding of thermoplastic elastomer packing. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the heat transfer characteristics of a finned-tube heat exchanger in a PCM (phase change material) thermal energy storage system, influence of flow boiling heat transfer on fouling phenomenon in nanofluids, and PCM at the simultaneous charging and discharging condition were studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, one-dimensional flow network model and porous-media model, and R245fa in a plate-shell heat exchanger were studied. (3) Various studies were published in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, subjects include mobile cold storage heat exchanger, compressor reliability, indirect refrigeration system with $CO_2$ as secondary fluid, heat pump for fuel-cell vehicle, heat recovery from hybrid drier and heat exchangers with two-port and flat tubes. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, subjects include membrane module for dehumidification refrigeration, desiccant-assisted low-temperature drying, regenerative evaporative cooler and ejector-assisted multi-stage evaporation. In the system control category, subjects include multi-refrigeration system control, emergency cooling of data center and variable-speed compressor control. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, fifteenth studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energies, etc. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which could be help for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the analyses of indoor thermal environments controlled by portable cooler, the effects of outdoor wind pressure in airflow at high-rise buildings, window air tightness related to the filling piece shapes, stack effect in core type's office building and the development of a movable drawer-type light shelf with adjustable depth of the reflector. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy consumption analysis in office building, the prediction of exit air temperature of horizontal geothermal heat exchanger, LS-SVM based modeling of hot water supply load for district heating system, the energy saving effect of ERV system using night purge control method and the effect of strengthened insulation level to the building heating and cooling load.