• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2023

Innate immunity is a first line defence system in the body which is for sensing signals of danger such as pathogenic microbes or host-derived signals of cellular stress. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR's), which present in the cell memebrane, are suspect the infection through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), and activate innate immunity with response to promote inflammation via inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, and cytokines. Inflammasome are protein complexes which are part of innate immunity in inflammation to remove pathogens and repair damaged tissues. What is the important role of inflammation in disease? In this review, we are focused on the action mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and sepsis.

• Mycobiology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2023

Phytophthora species, classified under Oomycota, cause significant damage to various crops and trees. The present study introduced Phytophthora species, P. nagaii and P. tentaculata, new to Korea, which pose notable risks to their respective host plants. Our research provided a comprehensive description of these species taking into account their cultural features, morphological characteristics, and molecular phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer rDNA region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit mtDNA genes (cox1 and cox2) sequences. In addition, this study first evaluated the sensitivity of P. nagaii and P. tentaculata to five anti-oomycete fungicides, finding both species most responsive to picarbutrazox and P. tentaculata resistant to fluazinam. The data can guide targeted treatment strategies and offer insights into effective control methods. The findings expand our understanding of the diversity, distribution, and management of Phytophthora species in Korea.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2016

세균성 갈반병은 느타리버섯(Pleurotus ostreatus)의 주된 병중의 하나이다. 박테리오파지를 이용한 파지테라피 방법은 병원균의 농도를 감소시켜 병없는 재배사를 만드는데 성공적이었다. 병원균 사멸을 위한 파지의 이용은 숙주균의 특이성 때문에 매우 제한적 효과를 보이며, 이것은 병원균의 작은 변이에도 파지의 민감성은 크게 감소할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 파지테라피의 효용성을 높이기 위하여 갈반병의 원인균인 P. tolaasii 균주로부터 파지-저항성 변이주를 분리하였고 병원성 특성을 조사하였다. 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 통한 근연관계 분석에서 파지저항성 균주들은 모두 원래의 숙주균과 일치하였고, 용혈활성이나 갈반형성 능력 등 병원성은 파지저항성 획득과 관련이 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 파지저항성 균주의 다양한 병원성은 균의 종류에 따라 증감이 다르게 나타났다. 따라서, 성공적인 파지테라피를 위해서는 넓은 숙주 범위를 갖는 파지의 분리가 필요하다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

식물 바이러스는 작물 생산량 손실을 일으키는 주요 병원체 중 하나로, 돌연변이 발생이 빈번하고 치료 약제가 개발되어 있지 않아 방제가 매우 어렵다. 이러한 바이러스병을 방제하기 위한 가장 효과적인 방법은 저항성 품종을 재배하는 것이며, 바이러스 저항성 품종을 개발하기 위해서는 바이러스와 기주 식물 간의 다양한 유전자적 상호작용에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 열성 저항성은 병원체가 살아가는데 필요한 식물 유전자가 결핍되었을 때 획득되는데, 저항성 유전자(R gene)에 의해 유도되는 우성 저항성에 비해 넓은 범위의 저항성을 발현하고 돌연변이 출현에 쉽게 저항성이 깨지지 않는 특성을 보인다. 현재까지 알려진 바이러스병에 대한 열성 저항성 유전자는 대부분 순행유전학(forward genetics)를 통해 밝혀졌으나, 최근 CRISPR/Cas9 등을 이용한 유전자 교정 기술의 급속한 발전에 힘입어 역유전학(reverse genetics)을 통한 열성 저항성 작물개발의 가능성이 열리고 있다. 이러한 역유전학적 접근을 통한 열성 저항성 작물 개발은 먼저 바이러스 단백질과 상호작용하는 기주 인자를 밝히고 이들간의 상호작용을 억제하도록 하는 기주 인자에 대한 유전자 교정을 통해 이루어 질 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 열성 저항성에 대한 소개와 새로운 열성 저항성 후보 유전 소재 발굴을 위한 기주 인자 연구의 중요성 및 방법을 소개하고, 열성 저항성 작물 개발에 적용할 수 있는 유전자 교정기술의 최신 동향에 관해 정리하였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

곤충의 면역반응에 대한 연구는 곤충 체내 침입한 미생물들과 직접 반응하는 기작들을 중심으로 연구되었다. 그러나 미생물들이 곤충 체내에 침입 한 후 발생되는 다양한 미생물 분비물질에 의한 곤충 면역반응의 시작여부 등에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이를 위하여 흰점박이 꽃무지(Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis) 유충의 장내에 존재하는 공생균과 체외 병원균을 동일한 조건에서 배양 하고 다양한 분비물질들이 존재 할 거라 예상되는 배양액만을 분리, 유충에 주사하여 면역반응 여부를 조사하였다. 공생균 배양액을 주입한 유충들은 비교적 건강하고 면역반응도 발생하지 않았으나 병원균 배양액을 주입한 유충의 경우 150시간 후 60% 이상 사망하였고 주사된 자리도 짙은 갈색의 멜라닌화가 관찰 되었다. 이러한 면역반응은 과립혈구세포의 리소좀(Lysosomes) 활성화 여부로 재확인 하였다. 병원균 배양액이 주입된 유충들의 경우 12시간 후 리소좀이 ~50% 이상 활성화 되었으나 공생균 배양액이 주입된 유충들의 경우 ~5% 미만으로 활성화 되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 공생균 배양액내에는 기주면역반응을 유도하는 물질들이 없거나 량이 매우 적게 존재하는 것을 추측 할 수 있었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.623-634
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• 2019

Little known the connections between soybeans mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression and the rhizomicrobiome upon invasion of the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. To address this lack of knowledge, we assessed the rhizomicrobiome and root transcriptome sequencing of wild and cultivated soybean during the invasion of F. oxysporum. Results indicated F. oxysporum infection enriched Bradyrhizobium spp. and Glomus spp. and induced the expression of more MAPKs in the wild soybean than cultivated soybean. MAPK gene expression was positively correlated with Pseudomonadaceae but negatively correlated with Sphingomonadaceae and Glomeraceae in both cultivated and wild soybean. Specifically, correlation profiles revealed that Pseudomonadaceae was especially correlated with the induced expression of GmMAKKK13-2 (Glyma.14G195300) and GmMAPK3-2 (Glyma.12G073000) in wild and cultivated soybean during F. oxysporum invasion. Main fungal group Glomeraceae was positively correlated with GmMAPKKK14-1 (Glyma.18G060900) and negatively correlated with GmRaf6-4 (Glyma.02G215300) in the wild soybean response to pathogen infection; while there were positive correlations between Hypocreaceae and GmMAPK3-2 (Glyma.12G073000) and between Glomeraceae and GmRaf49-3 (Glyma.06G055300) in the wild soybean response, these correlations were strongly negative in the response of cultivated soybean to F. oxysporum. Taken together, MAPKs correlated with different rhizomicrobiomes indicating the host plant modulated by the host self-immune systems in response to F. oxysporum.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Cells infected With equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) Produced both infectious and non-infectious Virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were deter-mined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals Immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended vim shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1988

1. 배나무 잎의 병반으로부터 분리한 24개의 Alternaria 균주의 병원성 검정결과 이십세기(二十世紀) 잎에서 분리한 7개 균주만이 감수성 품종(이십세기(二十世紀))에만 병원성을 나타내었고 만삼길(晩三吉), 장십랑(長十郞), 신고(新高)에서 분리한 나머지 균주들은 병원성이 없었다. 2. 병원성 균주의 배양노액(培養瀘液) 중에는 감수성 품종에만 잎멱 괴사(壞死)를 유발시키는 기주특이적(寄主特異的) 독소(毒素)(HST)를 생성함을 알 수 있었으며 비병원성 균주는 기주특이적(寄主特異的) 독소(毒素)(HST) 생성능력이 없었다. 3. 병원균이 생성하는 HST(AK독소(毒素))를 이용하여 배품종간 병해저항성 검정을 실시하였던 바 AK독소(毒素)는 병원균에 감수성인 이십세기(二十世紀)와 신수(新水) 품종에만 독성(毒性)을 나타내었고 만삼길(晩三吉), 장십랑(長十郞), 신고(新高)등의 저항성 품종에는 독성(毒性)을 나타내지 않았다. 4. AK독소(毒素)를 이용하여 배잎의 성숙도(成熟度)(aging)에 따른 병해감수도의 변동을 조사하였던 바 어린 잎일수록 AK독소(毒素)에 대하여 감수성이었으며 성숙한 잎(전엽(展葉) 2주후)은 저항성을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2018

Purpose: Few studies have examined periodontal pathogens from saliva samples in periodontally healthy young adults. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria and to quantify periodontal pathogens in saliva samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in periodontally healthy Korean young adults under 35 years of age. Methods: Nine major periodontal pathogens were analyzed by real-time PCR in saliva from 94 periodontally healthy young adults. Quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Eikenella corrodens was performed by DNA copy number measurement. Results: F. nucleatum and E. corrodens were detected in all subjects; the numbers of positive samples were 87 (92.6%), 91 (96.8%), and 90 (95.7%) for P. gingivalis, P. anaerobius, and C. rectus, respectively. Other pathogens were also detected in periodontally healthy subjects. Analysis of DNA copy numbers revealed that the most abundant periodontal pathogen was F. nucleatum, which was significantly more prevalent than all other bacteria (P<0.001), followed by P. anaerobius, P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, C. rectus, and T. denticola. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of each bacterium between men and women. The DNA copy number of total bacteria was significantly higher in men than in women. Conclusions: Major periodontal pathogens were prevalent in the saliva of periodontally healthy Korean young adults. Therefore, we suggest that the development of periodontal disease should not be overlooked in periodontally healthy young people, as it can arise due to periodontal pathogen imbalance and host susceptibility.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.433-441
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• 2003

A cDNA clone for a salicylic acid-induced gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) was isolated and characterized. The cabbage gene, designated Br-sil1 (for $\underline{B}$rassica $\underline{r}$apa $\underline{s}$alicylate-$\underline{i}$nduced $\underline{l}$lipase-like 1 gene), encodes a putative lipase that has the family II lipase motif GDSxxDxG around the active site serine. A database search showed that plant genomes have a large number of genes that contain the family II lipase motif. The lipase-like proteins include a myrosinase-associated protein, an anther-specific proline-rich protein APG, a pollen coat protein EXL, and an early nodule-specific protein. The Br-sil1 gene is strongly induced by salicylic acid and a non-host pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, that elicits a hypersensitive response in Chinese cabbage. Treatment of the cabbage leaves with BTH, methyl jasmonate, or ethephon showed that the Br-sil1 gene expression is induced by BTH, but not by methyl jasmonate or ethylene. This indicates that the cabbage gene is activated via a salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. An examination of the tissue-specific expression revealed that the induction of the Br-sil1 gene expression by BTH occurs in leaves and stems, but not in roots and flowers. Without the BTH treatment, however, the Br-sil1 gene is not expressed in any of the tissues that were examined.