• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 1992

Soil air $CO_2$ concentrations were measured in two soil depths (O and B horizon) by (1) the use of the Draeger direct reading chromatographic tubes and (2) syringe gas collections with gas chromatographic detection in a Spodosol supporting low elevation, commercial spruce-fir forest, Maine, USA, Mean soil air $CO_2$ concentrations(%) during the growing season of 1991 ranged from 0.11 in the O horizon by the Draeger method to 0.29 in the B horizon by the gas chromatographic method. Soil air $CO_2$ concentrations by the Draeger method were lower than those obtained using the gas chromatographic method for both soil horizons. However, data from the two methods were significantly(p<0.01) correlated and paralleled each other relative to temporal patterns. Positive and highly significant correlations existed between soil air $CO_2$ concentrations and soil temperature, although correlation coefficients only ranged from 0.13 to 0.32, depending on the method and horizon chosen.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2004

Understanding flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface is essential for the reduction and prevention of contamination of soil and groundwater and for the investigation and remediation of contaminated site. The objective of this study is to examine the infiltration pattern in a soil developed from the Jurassic granite using (Brilliant Blue FCF $C_{37}H_{34}N_{2}Na_{2}O_{9}S_{3}$), the nonfluorescent and nontoxic food dye. All image processing was conducted using geographic image processing software, ER Mapper, Version 6.2. The dye coverage was determined by counting the stained pixels in the photographs (80${\times}$80cm, 80TEX>${\times}$5cm) for the vertical and horizontal view. A homogeneous matrix flow occurred in the A horizon with weak, medium granular structure and fingering at the interface of finer-textured A horizon and coarser-textured C horizon. Pegmatitic vein originated from the granite and plant root in C horizon induced preferential flow.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.95-103
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• 2017

Horizon correction is a crucial stage for image composition enhancement. In this paper, we propose a deep learning based method for estimating the slanted angle of a photograph and correcting it. To estimate and correct the horizon direction, existing methods use hand-crafted low-level features such as lines, planes, and gradient distributions. However, these methods may not work well on the images that contain no lines or planes. To tackle this limitation and robustly estimate the slanted angle, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based method to estimate the slanted angle by learning more generic features using a huge dataset. In addition, we utilize multiple adaptive spatial pooling layers to extract multi-scale image features for better performance. In the experimental results, we show our CNN-based approach robustly and accurately estimates the slanted angle of an image regardless of the image content, even if the image contains no lines or planes at all.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.199-209
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• 2015

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) approach to control the steering angle in an autonomous vehicle. In designing a highly automated driving control algorithm, one of the research issues is to cope with probable risky situations for enhancement of safety. While human drivers maneuver the vehicle, they determine the appropriate steering angle and acceleration based on the predictable trajectories of surrounding vehicles. Likewise, it is required that the automated driving control algorithm should determine the desired steering angle and acceleration with the consideration of not only the current states of surrounding vehicles but also their predictable behaviors. Then, in order to guarantee safety to the possible change of traffic situation surrounding the subject vehicle during a finite time-horizon, we define a safe driving envelope with the consideration of probable risky behaviors among the predicted probable behaviors of surrounding vehicles over a finite prediction horizon. For the control of the vehicle while satisfying the safe driving envelope and system constraints over a finite prediction horizon, a MPC approach is used in this research. At each time step, MPC based controller computes the desired steering angle to keep the subject vehicle in the safe driving envelope over a finite prediction horizon. Simulation and experimental tests show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

Phytolith analysis of sediments at the river mouth of valley bottom plains in Myosa-ri, Haman is performed. By the phytolith results, Phragmites and Oryza sativa are dominated in the lower horizon. An abundance of Paniceae and Andropogoneae indicates the active agricultural activities under wet conditions. Moreover, the results of archeological studies suggest the paddy fields in the Three States Age. The phytolith assemblages are dominated in the middle horizon and they gradually increase in the upper horizon. The rice cultivation layer is not proportional to total phytolith yield due to the dominance of Oryza sativa in the lower horizon. However, because the Oryza sativa are continuously observed over the entire sediments, it is suggested that there had been the agricultural activities for the entire periods.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.828-835
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to clarify the landform development of fluvial terrace and the soil characteristics occurring on the terrace deposit. In order to achieve the purpose, the characteristics of soil profiles, the physic-chemical properties of soils that are developed on terrace deposits and X-ray diffraction analysis of clay were investigated. The horizon of Al in the high fluvial surface is silt clay loam of red (2YR 4/6). The soil structure is a developed granular structure. The horizon of B1 is silt clay reddish-brown (2.5YR 4/6). The soil structure is a medium subangular blocky structure. This red soil structure is made on heavy textured and compactly packed parent materials of high terrace sediments and usually has A-B-C profile. In most cases, clay accumulations in B-horizon and clay cutans on ped surfaces are observed, which mean the formation of agrillic horizon. As the result of this study, soils derived from fluvial terrace deposits on high fluvial surfaces are considered paleo-red soil which were developed by pedogenese-strong desilicification and rubefaction and strong leaching of bases- under warmer bio-climatic condition during in the old Pleistocene period.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.389-399
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• 2019

The calcium carbonate saturation state in the Ulleung Basin of East Sea was calculated using bottle data set of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity obtained from the year 1999, 2014, 2017, and 2018 cruise. In the 2010s calcium carbonate saturation state was significantly lowered at all depth compared to the 1999 reference state. Accordingly calcite saturation horizon and aragonite saturation horizon shoaled to 500 m and 200 m, respectively. A key chemical species for the calcium carbonate saturation state, carbonate ion showed distinctive profile between upper and deep waters: it is moderately high (${\sim}175{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$) in upper waters and very low (< ${\sim}50{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$) in the deep waters. However the decreasing trend of carbonate ion concentration was pronounced in the upper water than deep waters, suggesting atmospheric $CO_2$ penetration is largely confined to the upper waters in the 2000s.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.35-47
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• 2022

This study investigated the stone Angbu-ilgu (scaphe sundial) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the Seoul Museum of History (SMH). Since the first Angbu-ilgu was produced in Korea in 1434 (the year of the reign of King Sejong), Angbu-ilgu has been reproduced with various materials. The upper surface of these two stone Angbu-ilgus symbolizes the horizon. On the hemisphere concave at the center of the horizon, the South Pole, the time line, and the season line are engraved. On the horizon of both the KMA and SMH Angbu-ilgus, the schematic, typeface, and composition of the inscription completely coincide with each other. In this study, it was estimated that the appearance of the KMA Angbu-ilgu, which was damaged at some point previously at least once, was similar to that of the SMH Angbu-ilgu, and this means that it is superficially similar with Treasure No 840, the stone horizontal sundial. In the concave hemisphere of both the stone Angbu-ilgus of the KMA and SMH, there are hour lines and 24 solar-term lines (13 line), and there is an intersection point where these lines meet the horizon, respectively. It can be verified that these intersections of these two Angbu-ilgus can be calculated as having a latitude of +37°39'15". The hour lines of the two stone Angbu-ilgus show that they were made after about 1900.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

This study was conducted to reclassify Anryong series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy and to discuss the formation of Anryong series distributed on the mountain foot slope. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Anryong series were investigated and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil survey laboratory methods manual. The typifying pedon of Anryong series has brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam Ap horizon (0-22 cm), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) cobbly clay loam BAt horizon (22-35 cm), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) cobbly clay loam Bt1 horizon (35-55 cm), reddish brown (5YR 5/4) cobbly clay loam Bt2 horizon (55-82 cm), and brown (7.5YR 5/4) cobbly clay loam Bt3 horizon (82-120 cm). The typifying pedon has an argillic horizon from a depth of 22 to 120 cm and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. It can be classified as Ultisol, not as Alfisol. It has udic soil moisture regime, and can be classified as Udult. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Hapludults. It has 18-35% clay at the particle-size control section, and have mesic soil temperature regime. Therefore Anryong series can be classified as fine loamy, mesic family of Typic Hapludults, not as fine loamy, mesic family of Ultic Hapludalfs. Anryong series occur on mountain foot slope positions in colluvial materials derived from acid and intermediate crystalline rocks. They are developed as Ultisols with clay mineral weathering, translocation of clays to accumulate in an argillic horizon, and leaching of base-forming cations from the profile for relatively long periods under humid and temperate climates in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.186-199
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• 1997

The soils derived from granite gneiss occupy almost one third of the land area in Korea. The soils under forest vegetation, formed on granite gneiss, in Sun chon-shi, Chollanam-do in southern part of Korea, were studied to evaluate the weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary minerals, clay minerals. The studied soils contained large amounts of ferromagnesian minerals, weathered biotites and were well weathered, strongly acid and low in organic matters and in ration exchange capacity. The clay contents in the Bt horizon were almost two times higher than those in the C horizon. The O horizon had a thin layer which consisted of a little decomposed plant components with a granic fabric and high porosity, and showed the micromorphological characteristics of moder humus. The related distribution pattern of the E horizon were enaulic and large amounts of silts and small amounts of sand grains were another characteristics of the E horizon. The most striking micromorphological features were multilaminated clay coating and infillings in the voids in the Bt and C horizons, and generally limpid ferriargillans ejected from the biotites and imparted red color to the soils in the Bt horizon. High clay contents in the Bt horizon was not only due to clay translocation, but also due to intensive in situ mineral weathering in this horizon. The most significant pedogenic process, revealed by the petrographic microscope and SEM, was the formation of iron oxides from biotites, the formation of tubular halloysites and the weathering models of biotites; wedge weathering and layer weathering. The thick coating on the weathering biotites showed the characteristics of the weathering process and the synthetic hematites were revealed in clays by TEM. Total chemical analysis of clays revealed extensive loss of Ca, and Na and the concentration of Fe and Al. Mineralogical studies of clays by XRD showed that micas were almost completely weathered to kaolinite, vermiculite-kaolinite intergrade, hematite, gibbsite, while halloysites from other primary minerals. Some dioctahedral mica appeared to be resistant in the soils. Parent rock of the soils contained a considerable amounts of biotites and this forest soils showed especially a dominant characteristics of biotite weathering.