• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.397-403
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• 1999

This study was designed to examine the clincotherapeutic effect of natural honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom in sows with mastitis, metritis and agalactia (MMA) syndrome. Sows with MMA syndrome after parturition were assigned to treated and nontreated control groups. In treated group, 22 sows were bee acupunctured once a day for 3 consecutive days. Acupuncture points of Jiao-chao (GV-1, at the indentation between the base of tail and the anus), Yang-ming (ST-18, outside at the base of teat) and Hai-men (ST-25, about 1 cm lateral to the umbilicus) were stung by the natural honeybees. In control group, 20 sows were intramuscularly injected with a standard dosage of penicillin G (400,000 IU/kg of body weight) once a day for 3 consecutive days. At post-treatment, 85.0% of control sows and 90.9% of sows in treated group recovered from MMA syndrome. Bee acupuncture therapy didn't show any side effects such as allergy, intoxication, hemorrhage, or infection. It might be concluded that apitherapy was effective in controlling of sows with MMA syndrome.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.599-605
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• 2017

Korean native honey (KNH) is much more expensive than European honey (EH) in Korea, because KNH is a favored honey which is produced less than EH. Food fraud of KNH has drawn attention of the government office concerned, which is in need of a method to differentiate between KNH and EH which are produced by the Asiatic honeybee, Apis cerana and the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, respectively. A method to discriminate KNH and EH was established by using duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in this study. Immunochromatographic assay (IC) was examined to analyze the duplex PCR product. The DNA sequences of primers for the duplex PCR were determined by comparing cytochrome C oxidase genes of the two honey bee species. Chelex resin method was more efficient in extracting genomic DNA from honey than the other two procedures of commercial kits. The duplex PCR amplifying DNA of 133 bp were more sensitive than that amplifying DNA of 206 bp in detecting EH in the honey mixture of KNH and EH. Agarose gel electrophoresis and IC detected the DNA of 133 bp at the ratios of down to 1% and 5% EH in the honey mixture, respectively and also revealed that several KNH products distributed by internet shopping sites were actually EH. In conclusion, the duplex PCR with subsequent IC could also discriminate between KNH and EH and save time and labor.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.57-61
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• 2006

In this study, morphology of perithecia, asci, ascospores, etc. of C. sphecocephala were examined for its telemorphic characteristics. Its colony grew up to 32 mm in diameter on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 30 days under the condition of $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. PDBLA and PDBAA media were selected as optimal media for C. sphecocephala, on which the growth was 1.5 times as fast as on PDA medium. Moreover, PDBLA medium induced successfully the synnemata of anamorphic state. C. sphecocephala was able to be proliferated in vitro on both larva and adult of honeybee drone as its substrate. After inoculated onto the drone larva, it produced mycelium at $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, with the maximum yield up to $67{\pm}3mg$ on the $50^{th}$ day.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2016

This study was performed to examine the skin phototoxicity of purified bee venom (Apis mellifera L.) collected using bee venom collector. To confirm whether the gel containing purified bee venom (BV gel) causes photototoxicity when used for the skin medicinal products, phototoxicity testing was conducted using guinea pig models. The BV gel (0.1 ml/site) was administered transdermally to guinea pigs. 8-MOP was used to introduce positive control response. After administration, the guinea pigs were irradiated with UVA ($15J/cm^2$) with doses based on standard phototoxicity study guidelines. In the weight measurement and clinical observation, BV gel groups didn't show any significant changes compared with control group. BV gel groups did not show any symptoms such as erythema and edema formation of skin. This study demonstrated that BV gel has promising potential external treatment for topical uses that do not induce significant levels of skin phototoxicity.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 2018

Beekeeping status of Apis cerana with emphasis of experiences overcoming sacbrood virus disease are presented. Social bee fauna are rich in Vietnam with 6 honeybee species (Apis laboriosa, Apis dorsata, Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis andrenifomis, Apis florea); 8 stingless bee species (Trigona laeviceps, Trigona ventralis, Trigona pagdeni, Trigona gressitti, Trigona fuscobalteata, Trigona capenteri, Trigona scintillans Trigona iridipenis) and 2 bumble bee species (Bumbus haemorrhoidalis, B. breviceps). All of them are native except A. mellifera which was introduced in1887. These bees are slated for conservation by the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development. Honey and other bee products are mainly harvested from 3 species including A. cerana, A. mellifera and A. dorsata. The manageable species (A. cerana and A. mellifera) are increasing in number, reaching about 1,500,000 beehives. Vietnam is the second largest honey exporter in Asia, with a total of about 48,000 tons of honey exported to the international market in 2014. A. cerana plays an important role in poverty alleviation in mountainous and remote areas of Vietnam. Honeybee suffers from various diseases of Sacbrood virus disease (SBV), European foulbrood (EFB), Nosema, and parasitic mites of Tropilaelaps mercedes and Varroa destructor. Most of these diseases can be resolved with biocontrol methods. For the parasitic mites, Vietnamese beekeepers usually apply formic acid.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the spray toxicity and leaf residual toxicity of 52 kinds of insecticides registered for strawberry against adult honeybee Apis mellifera. According to the IOBC standard, the acute toxicity by spraying showed below 30% was classified as non-toxic. Among tested insecticides, 32 insecticides (flonicamid, lufenuron, novaluron, three kinds of acetamiprid, thiacloprid, milbemectin, acequinocyl, TBI-1, two kinds of chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, cyenopyrafen, cyfumetofen, etoxazole, fenpyroximate, flubendiamide, flufenoxuron, hexythiazox, metaflumizone, two kinds of methoxyfenozide, DBB-2032, pyridalyl, spiromesifen, tebufenpyrad, teflubenzuron, acetamiprid + methoxyfenozide, acrinathrin + spiromesifen, bifenazate + spiromesifen, cyenopyrafen + flufenoxuron) did not show any toxic effect, it is thought to be safe. And the others (20 insecticides) showed higher toxicity to honeybee. Insecticides which showed acute toxicity higher than 90% was selected and tested the residual toxicity. All insecticides except emamectin benzoate EC, and indoxacarb SC showed 100% mortality at one day after treatment (DAT). However, the toxicities of emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb SC, and abamectin did not show until 3, 7, 14 DAT, respectively. Nine insecticides such as indoxacarb WP, thiamethoxam WG, abamectin + chlorantraniliprole SC, acetamiprid + etofenprox WP, acetamiprid + indoxacarb WP, bifenthrin + clothianidin SC, bifenthrin + imidacloprid WP, bifenazate + pyridaben SC, chlorfenapyr + clothianidin SC showed over 90% residual toxicity until 31 Day. In pouring treatment, thiamethoxam WG showed 76.9% mortality at 28 DAT and 50.0% mortality at 31 DAT. After 35 days, thiamethoxam WG showed no effect to honeybee. Bifenthrin + clothianidin SC and tefluthrin + thiamethoxam GR showed 57.1 and 80.0% mortality at 24 DAT, respectively. In spraying treatment, thiamethoxam WG and bifenthrin+clothianidin SC showed very high residual toxicity with 100% mortality in thirty-five DAT. After spraying treatment with thiamethoxam WG, bifenthrin+clothianidin SC, bifenthrin + imidacloprid WP, thiamethoxam WG showed 100% residual toxicity until 21 DAT and there was no activity after 28 DAT. Bifenthrin+clothianidin SC and bifenthrin+imidacloprid WP showed very high residual toxicity until 49 DAT.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the actual risk of fipronil on worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) through acute contact toxicity test, acute oral toxicity test, toxicity of residues on foliage test, and small scale field test. The $48h-LD_{50s}$ of fipronil SC on honeybee were $0.005{\mu}g$ a.i./bee in acute contact toxicity test and $0.004{\mu}g$ a.i./bee in acute oral toxicity test, respectively. In toxicity of residues on foliage test, fipronil showed over 90% of mortality during 28days after treatment at recommended application rate. The $DT_{50}$ of dislodgeable foliar residue was 9 days. Finally, In small scale field test, fipronil showed similar toxicity in the residues on foliage test. It was concluded that fipronil has very high acute toxicity and long residual toxicity to honeybee. Therefore, fipronil is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. To protect honeybee and wild pollinators from outdoor use of fipronil, ultimately it should need to limit for only indoor use to prevent pollinators from unintentionally exposure of fipronil.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.294-298
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• 2012

In sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) growing there are several severe problem which have to be overcome to produce highly graded fruits because of fruit rots and fruit crackings, if there is frequent precipitation during immature fruit step and picking season. In order to reduce fungicide sprayings and produce qualified fruits in areas with rainy season like as South Korea, rain-sheltered growing is necessary absolutely. Sweet cherry blooms early to medium April in southern area of South Korea. If we depend on honeybees (Apis mellifera) distributed in natural ecosystem, it is not easy to get normal fruit-set every season because of low temperature around blooming time. And also bee keepers seldom sell honeybee hives as a pollinator during spring, instead they keep honeybee hives to get honey. Recently use of B. terrestris as a pollinator of cherry tomato, oriental pumpkin etc. grown in protected cultivation system increase abundantly. Therefore, in this study we studied B. terrestris as an alternate of honeybee to pollinate sweet cherry grown in rain shelter. In part of foraging activity B. terrestris shows staying on a cherry flower for about six second and visiting frequency of 11 flowers per minute. However A. mellifera stayed about 15 second on a flower and visited 4~5 flowers per minute. There were no significant difference in fruit-setting rate and fruit characteristics after using B. terrestris and A. mellifera as pollinators of sweet cherry. Consequently there is no negative effect when we use B. terrestris as an alternate pollinator of A. mellifera in sweet cherry cultivation under rain shelter.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.473-477
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the acute contact and oral toxicity of plant extracts (neem, sophora and derris) against Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). As a result of acute contact toxicity test, $LD_{50}$ of neem and derris extracts were more than 100 ${\mu}g/bee$ while $LD_{50}$ of sophora extracts were 1.7 ${\mu}g/bee$. In case of acute oral toxicity test, $LD_{50}$ of neem and derris extracts were more than 100 ${\mu}g/bee$ while $LD_{50}$ of sophora extracts were 1.7 and 0.3 ${\mu}g/bee$. In conclusion, it is evaluated that neem and derris extracts are practically nontoxic while sophora extracts are highly toxic.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2017

Foulbrood disease is infected by Paenibacillus larvae on larval stage of honeybee, and is lethal disease to result in population death. This disease was manifested in 2008 in Korea, is still suffered by the secondary damages. In this study, we are to examine diagnostic PCR approaches to manage the Foulbrood disease. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA is generally using for microbial infection, but the specificity is little poor for the correct diagnosis. Therefore, we are to identify specific genes expressed in Paenibacillus larvae, and perform PCR analysis. We selected five distinct genes from literature references. Those genes are commonly known as toxic genes for host infection, and include Toxin1, Toxin2A & 2B, SplA, CBP49, and SevA&SevB. PCR amplification for these genes is difficult to detect at the first time. So, we performed the second PCR using the first PCR product as a template. This approach using the nested PCR was very useful for detecting large marker genes. When Paenibacillus larvae was cultured in the medium containing plant extracts, PCR amplification of the identified genes is correlated with the microbial growth inhibition. Therefore, these results suggest that the identified genes might be useful to study diagnostic PCR markers for honeybee Foulbrood disease.