• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2009

본 연구는 초유 급여를 마친 갓 태어난 Holstein 송아지 14두를 대조구(Con) 및 시험구(IgY)로 나누어 49일 동안 대용유를 급여하면서 난황항체(IgY구)를 1주일 동안 투여하여 사양성적, 분변 상태 및 미생물 균총, 혈액내 생화학적 성분 및 면역관련 지표인 백혈구 성상을 조사하여 가장 바람직한 송아지 포유 및 육성 방법을 조사하였다. 시험결과로서 포유 송아지에게 IgY 투여시 체중 및 증체는 대조구(Con) 및 시험구(IgY)간에 유의적 차이 없이 모두 비슷한 성적을 보였다. 송아지 분변의 대장균(E. coli) 및 유산균 총균수를 조사한 결과 IgY 투여에 따른 대장균 및 유산균 수의 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 분의 상태는 시험구에서 7주째 유의적으로(P<0.05) 고형상태로 배설되었다. 송아지 혈액의 백혈구 감별계수(%)를 조사한 호중구, 림프구, 단핵구, 호염기구 등의 상대적 %는 모든 구에서 정상적인 백혈구 감별 계수를 보여 IgY 투여에 따른 면역 반응에는 차이가 없는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 혈액내 존재하는 총 단백질, albumin 및 IgG 등에서도 대조구 및 시험구 모두 비슷한 수준을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 포유 송아지에서 1주 동안 IgY 투여는 증체, 면역작용 및 분변 미생물의 균총에는 특이적 영향이 없는 것으로 사료되어, 송아지에게 생후 24시간 이내 초유를 정확하게 급여하고 사양관리에 충실 할 경우 송아지의 포유 및 육성은 성공적으로 이루어 질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1031-1040
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding milk replacer (MR) with varying levels of lactose and the increased supply of total solids (from 750 to 960 g/d) on performance, blood metabolites, and health of Holstein male calves during the preweaning period. Methods: Forty newborn Holstein calves (10 per treatment) were blocked according to birth weight and date of birth and distributed in a randomized block design to different liquid diets: Whole milk powder (WMP) diluted to 125 g/L solids; MR with 48% lactose (48L), diluted to 125 g/L solids; MR with 53% lactose (53L), diluted to 125 g/L solids; 53L MR corrected to 160 g/L solids (16TS) by the inclusion of a solid corrector. Calves were individually housed in wood hutches, fed 6 L/d of the liquid diet, and had free water and starter concentrate access. The study lasted 56 days. Results: Liquid diet intake was higher for calves fed 16TS than for other treatments. Calves fed 16TS presented higher protein and fat intake, followed by those fed WMP and the 48L or 53L MRs. Lactose intake was higher for 16TS-fed calves, followed by 53L, 48L, and WMP-fed calves. Starter and total dry matter intake did not differ among liquid diets. The average daily gain was higher for 16TS than 48L-fed calves, with the other treatments being intermediary. The lowest feed efficiency was observed for calves fed 48L. No effects on health were observed, as well as on selected blood metabolites, except for albumin concentration, which was higher for calves fed 16TS and WMP. Conclusion: Higher total solids content (160 g/L) in MR increases nutrient intake and consequently improves the performance of dairy calves. Feeding MRs with levels of lactose up to 53% of the DM had no deleterious effect on the performance or health of the calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1461-1466
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• 2000

The use of the dairy male calf for beef production has been found to be economically unprofitable during the past due to high cost of feeds and relatively low beef price. However, due to current shortage of domestic beef supply and rising beef price, this research aimed to assess feeding methods and costs and returns in raising dairy male calves for beef production under changing economic conditions. Two diets were compared: calves on an optimal feeding level were given milk replacer for 44 d and a concentrate (with ad lib. hay) to 150 kg bodyweight that contained 16% crude protein; those given a sub-optimal diet, more appropriate for smallholder farms, received milk replacer for 30 d and 14% CP concentrate. Twelve pairs of dairy male calves (average age 32 days) of Holstein-Friesian high grades were used, each pair having similar influencing factors such as weight, age, and genotype. Each animal was kept in a separate feeding stall until reaching the final weight of 150 kg. The results from this experiment showed that the differences of traits concerning growth performance and feed efficiency of the animals raised under the two feeding regimes were statistically nonsignificant. The optimal group was just slightly better, but the cost of production of the sub-optimal group was 24 percent lower (4,667 vs. 6,144 baht per animal) and the cost difference was highly significant. The results from this investigation showed that beef production from dairy male calves can be economically viable when sub-optimal feeding method is used and market beef price is at current level.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2007

본 연구는 항생제를 대체할 목적으로 동물체의 활성을 가져오는 원료로 알려져 있는 활성탄과 목초액, sodium bentonite, 홍삼박, 생균제를 선별하여 이들 원료로 구성된 항생물질 대체제를 개발하여 홀스타인 수송아지에 급여하였을 때 생산성에 미치는 효과를 규명하고자 수행하였다. 송아지의 일당증체량은 대조구(1.01kg), 처리구(1.01kg)간에 유의적인 차이가 없었고(P>0.05), 사료 요구율은 대조구 3.24에 비하여 처리구 2.80로 처리구에서 유의적인 개선효과를 나타냈다(P<0.05). 설사 발생률은 동일하였으나 분 상태는 처리구가 양호하였고, 호흡기 질병은 처리구에서는 발생하지 않았다. 분 중 $NH_3$ 농도는 대조구(6.33 ppm)에 비하여 처리구(2.67 ppm)에서 뚜렷한 개선 효과를 보였고(P<0.05), 혈액 수치는 대조구와 처리구가 유사하였다. 항생물질 대체제를 급여한 처리구가 시판 항생제 첨가사료 급여군(대조구)에 비하여 증체에서는 다소 낮은 성적을 나타냈지만 질병 발생 없이 유사한 성적을 낸 것은 대체물질이 가축 소화기관의 활성화, 사료의 소화율 증진 등에 영향을 나타내어 동물의 활력이 증진되므로 항생제의 사용 없이도 양질의 축산물을 생산할 수 있는 결과를 얻었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.827-830
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• 2013

To evaluate the effects of feeding four different levels of starter in male Holstein dairy calves, a completely randomized study was conducted, using 28 calves with initial body weight of $40.5{\pm}2.4$ kg. The animals were fed iso-nitrogenous starter and were weaned when they consumed 350, 500, 650 and 800 g/d of starter for 3 d consecutively. Starter and water were available ad-libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight at pre-weaning (less than 5 wk) and post-weaning (8 wk) was lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the highest among all treatments in pre-weaning period (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and total DMI was higher in that calves received 800 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter were weaned earlier (p<0.05) and showed lower milk consumption (kg, DM) compared with other treatments whereas no significant difference was observed between calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter (p>0.05). Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber digestibility among all treatments (p>0.05).Treatments had no significant effect on time of starting rumination, respiratory score, and days of drug administration for pneumonia. There were no meaningful differences in feces, fecal odor scores, body temperature, and days of drug administration for diarrhea among all treatments (p>0.05). Total dry matter intake at the end of experiment showed no significant difference among calves fed 600 and 800 g/d of starter, but calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter showed more dry matter (DM) intake than calves in the 600 and 800 g/d groups (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1993

A total of thirty male Holstein calves were reared outdoors with simple housings or in warmed pens in three experiments conducted in three consecutive midwinters in Hokkaido. Average outdoor air temperatures during the experiments were between -5.3 and $-6.1^{\circ}C$, and average minimum air temperatures were between -9.7 and $-10.6^{\circ}C$. The age of calves at the start of the experiments were $16{\pm}6$ hours. There was no difference in the liquid feed intake, while the solid concentrate (artificial milk) intake by the calves in the simple housing systems (outdoors, calf hutch and open shed) tended to be higher than those in the warmed pen. No significant differences in the daily gain or the monthly development of wither height were observed among housing systems. There were no serious cases of diarrhea. However, coughing was observed in several of the calves reared in the poorly ventilated warmed pens.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2011

본 연구는 OPU 유래 한우 수정란을 이식한 대리모의 품종이 임신 기간과 산자의 생시 체중에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 6~7일차 OPU 유래 한우 체외수정란을 한우와 젖소 대리모에 이식하여 산자를 생산하였다. 1. 대리모에 따른 평균 임신 기간(젖소: $284.4{\pm}9.8$일, 한우: $280.9{\pm}6.2$일)과 산자의 생시 체중(젖소: $27.70{\pm}7.92\;kg$, 한우: $23.56{\pm}3.75\;kg$)에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 2. 임신 기간은 수송아지를 생산한 대리모(한우: $283.8{\pm}6.7$일, 젖소: $287.3{\pm}8.9$일)가 암송아지(한우: $277.3{\pm}3.3$일, 젖소: $280.1{\pm}9.9$일)를 임신한 대리모보다 유의적으로 길었다(p<0.05). 단태에서도 수송아지를 분만한 대리모의 임신 기간이 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 3. 산자의 성별에 따른 생시 체중은 암송아지(한우 대리모: $21.5{\pm}3.8\;kg$, 젖소 대리모: $21.5{\pm}6.1\;kg$)보다 수송아지(한우 대리모: $25.2{\pm}3.1\;kg$, 젖소 대리모: $32.3{\pm}6.0\;kg$)가 무거웠으며, 수송아지의 경우 품종간 유의적 차이를 보였다. 단태에서도 수송아지가 유의 하 게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과, OPU 유래 수정란을 이식한 대리모의 임신 기간은 대리모의 품종에 따른 차이는 없었으나, 분만된 산자의 성별에 따라 유의적인 차이기 있었다. 산자의 생시 제중은 수송아지가 유의적으로 높은 생시 체중을 보였고 임신 기간도 수송아지를 분만했을 때 유의적으로 길었다. 수송아지의 경우 품종간의 차이를 보였는데, 이러한 결과는 수정란이식에 의해 생산되는 송아지의 생시 체중과 대리모의 임신 기간은 태아의 품종보다 대리모의 품종이 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 젖소 대리모가 한우 대리모보다 번식 적령기의 체중이 무거우므로 대리모의 품종이 산자의 생시 체중에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.984-992
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of milk supplemented with Sel-Plex on thyroid hormones, rectal temperature, plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations, and body weight in suckling calves. Ten Holstein suckling male calves of approximately 1 month of age were selected and randomly allocated to one of two groups and fed either unsupplemented milk (control) or milk supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg DM Se from Sel-Plex (treated). The animals received treated milk and free choice starter for two months. Dry matter intake for each individual animal was recorded daily throughout the study. The calves were weighed and blood samples were taken weekly. Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine ($T_{3}$), thyroxin ($T_{4}$) and $T_{3}$-Uptake were determined using radioimmunoassay kits. Plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations were determined by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. Rectal temperature was recorded at blood sampling time. During the experiment, ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded at the time of blood sampling and every four hours. Treatment significantly (p<0.01) affected the concentration of $T_{3}$, free $T_{3}$ index ($FT_{3}I$) and ratio of $T_{3}$:$T_{4}$ in plasma. The plasma concentrations of $T_{3}$ in treated calves were 33% higher than in the control. The plasma concentrations of $T_{4}$ (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.01) and cholesterol (p<0.01) were decreased in the treated group. Calves fed Sel-Plex had higher rectal temperature (p<0.01). Plasma free $T_{4}$ index (FT4I) did not differ significantly between the two groups. An increase in body weight was observed (p<0.09) in the treated group. The results indicated that milk fortified with Sel-Plex could increase tissue conversion of $T_{4}$ to $T_{3}$ and therefore improve thermometabolism in suckling calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.447-451
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence, risk factors and consequent effect of dystocia on lactation performance in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. The data set consisted of 55,577 calving records on 30,879 Holstein cows in 30 dairy herds for the period March 2000 to April 2009. Factors affecting dystocia were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models through the maximum likelihood method in the GENMOD procedure. The effect of dystocia on lactation performance and factors affecting calf birth weight were analyzed using mixed linear model in the MIXED procedure. The average incidence of dystocia was 10.8% and the mean (SD) calf birth weight was 42.13 (5.42) kg. Primiparous cows had calves with lower body weight and were more likely to require assistance at parturition (p<0.05). Female calves had lower body weight, and had a lower odds ratio for dystocia than male calves (p<0.05). Twins had lower birth weight, and had a higher odds ratio for dystocia than singletons (p<0.05). Cows which gave birth to a calf with higher weight at birth experienced more calving difficulty (OR (95% CI) = 1.1(1.08-1.11). Total 305-d milk, fat and protein yield was 135 (23), 3.16 (0.80) and 6.52 (1.01) kg less, in cows that experienced dystocia at calving compared with those that did not (p<0.05).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1987

A study was conducted to observe the effects of dexamethasone sodium 21 phosphate injection in different amounts, intervals and times on the fluctuation of the parasitized erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of the T. sergenti carrier calves. A total of 31 calves including 15 Holstein and 16 Korean native male calves aged 6-12 months (125-300kg) was used. Results observed were as follows. 1. The calves injected 0.2mg/kg body weight two and three times in 48 hour intervals and 5 times in 24 hour intervals observed that 2 out of 2 heads, 3 out of 6 heads, and 4 out of 5 heads, respectively were substantially increased parasitized erythrocytes in the blood for 3-11 days after the first injection and continued to 2-10 days. 2. However, the calves injected once with 0.1mg/kg body weight and all control calves showed no visible change of the parasitized erythrocytes in the blood during the experimental period. 3. The animals injected over 2 times with 0.2mg/kg body weight tended to be decreased the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration and PCV for 2-3 days after first injection and continued about one week. 4. All animals injected the dexamethasone were observed the neutrophilic leukocytosis, eosinopenea and lymphopenea until 48 hours after injection.