• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2009

Mongolia has 80% livestock of total agriculture industry, 170,000 farms are engaged, 2,500,000 of cows that were beef and dairy cows are raised. Despite of Mongolian has great application with milk, there are not clear differences between cow and dairy cattle, and the production of milk is also low. But the milk suppliers are varied (horse, sheep, goat, etc), so that the total milk production is 500 thousand ton per year. It's really considerable to improve the breed of owing to many problems with big differences among milk qualities. For carrying out for first year project, artificial insemination project was operated with 3rd grade Holstein semen that were imported from S. Korea, and initiation and field training were also carried out through appropriate AI technique we developed for Mongolia environment. Local information research and MOU conclusion were done with professor D. Altangerel in May $10^{th}{\sim}13^{th}$, 2009, and development for AI technique and AI equipments were supplied for Mongolia breeding and natural environment in July $10^{th}{\sim}17^{th}$ in 2009. All cows were treated by synchronization for AI. To do this, $PGF_{2\alpha}$ injection were treated for luteal phase cow, if it wouldn't work, try again after 11 days. After confirmation of estrus, AI and AI training were carried out with sperm injection in the uterus or cervix by rectum-vagina method which is common worldwide, the most effective artificial insemination technique. If cows were return to next estrus cycle, second AI was carried out about approximately 21 days after artificial insemination. After 2 months, all cows not showing return estrus should be taken pregnancy test. Every pregnant cow will be cared thoroughly. Total 48 cows administrated by $PGF_{2\alpha}$ for synchronization and after 48 hours 45 cows (93.8%) showing estrus were detected and then artificial inseminate them within who 8 cows (27.8%) showed return estrus. Therefore, Using $PGF_2{\alpha}$ for synchronization is effective to use for Mongolia breeding conditions. There are possibility of base for food production after all, including increase of livestock production in Mongolia by improvement of breeding cow with AI and embryo transfer project.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

The study was conducted on 20 Holstein X Sahiwal cross bred dairy cows, with an average milk production of $2,752{\pm}113.79$ liters in $284{\pm}5.75$ days during a single lactation, that were divided in to two groups of 10 animals. We investigated the oxidative stress and antioxidant status during the transition period in dairy cows. In this study, plasma level of MDA was considered as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and SOD, catalase, GSH and GSHPx as antioxidants. The lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.001) higher in cows during early lactation as compared to the cows in advanced pregnancy. A significant positive correlation (r = +0.831, p<0.01) was determined between MDA and catalase in early lactating cows. In early lactating cows, blood glutathione was significantly lower than in advanced pregnant cows. However, early lactating cows showed non-significant negative correlation for all antioxidant enzymes with lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, dairy cows seemed to have more oxidative stress and low antioxidant defense during early lactation or just after parturition than advanced pregnant cows, and this appears to be the reason for their increased susceptibility to production diseases (e.g. mastitis, metritis, retention of fetal membranes etc.) and other health problems.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제4권
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• pp.102-108
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• 1986

본 시험에서는 저수태우로 판단된 우수한 형질의 젖소를 공란우로 사용하여 과배란처리에 대한 반응 및 수태율에 영향을 주는 계절, 연령, 생식기관내의 이상유무 및 반복사용에 따른 반응을 검토하였던 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 이른 봄(2월~4월)이 좋은 수정란 생산에 제일 좋았으며 수태율은 2월에서 7월까지는 좋았으나 그 이후 저하되었다. 2. 공란우 생식관내의 이상이 있는 경우는 과배란처리 반응 및 수태율이 예상대로 정상우보다 나빴다. 3. 8세우가 4세우보다 수태율이 높았고, 과배란처리 반응에서도 8세우가 4세우보다 약간 좋은 결과를 보였다. 4. 과배란처리 횟수가 많을 수록 첫 번째 과배란처리 보다 배란수(32:41) 및 수태율(68.4:85.7%)이 증가되었다.(단 3차반복까지) 5. 6두의 공란우에서 9회의 채란을 하여 좋은 수정란 38개를 생산했고, 이중 33개를 이식하여 25두가 임신되었다. 6. 본 실험에서 저수태우를 수정란 이식을 위한 공란우로 재이용하여 그 경제성을 높일 수 있는 가능성을 확실히 제시하고 있다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1001-1008
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• 2005

본 연구는 젖소에서 곡류의 가공형태 및 RUP수준이 효과를 구명하기 위하여 분만 전 3주부터 분만 후 3주까지 전환기 Holstein종 경산우 20두(4처리 5반복)에게 TMR 사료를 GCR30 (파쇄옥수수+RUP 30%), GCR40 (파쇄옥수수+RUP40%), FCR30 (후레이크옥수수+RUP 30%), FCR40 (후레이크옥수수+RUP 40%)로 하여, 건유기와 비유기로 구분하여 배합하여 급여하였다. 본 연구로부터 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 분만전 사료의 건물 섭취량은 처리별로 평균 14～15kg이었으며, 건유기간 중 사료섭취량에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 분만 후 건물섭취량에서는 RUP 40%에서 섭취량이 RUP30%보다 높게 나타났다 (P＜0.05). 유량은 RUP 40 % 사료를 급여한 구 (FCR40과 GCR40)에서 유의하게 높은 결과를 보여주었다. 유단백질과 유지방을 분석한 결과, 유지방에 있어서는 옥수수 가공 형태인 후레이크와 파쇄처리에 따른 유의있는 결과를 보여주지는 않았다. 혈액 내 대사물질은 분만 전에 비하여 분만 당일의 수치가 모든 처리에서 상승하는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 분만전ㆍ후의 NEFA의 농도를 보면 모든 처리구에서 분만을 기점으로 상승하였으며, 특히 분만 후에 유량이 높았던 FCR40에서 NEFA 수준이 전반적으로 높은 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). Glucose와 cortisol 수준은 포도당 농도에서 FCR40구의 건유기가 다른 구보다 유의하게 높았으나 타 처리구간에서는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. Insulin 농도에 있어서도 분만 전에 처리 간에 유의한 차이가 없으나, 분만 후에는 타처리와 비교하여 FCR40 처리에서 유의하게 높은 농도를 보여 주었다 (p<0.05). 이 시험에서는 옥수수의 가공형태보다는 동량의 단백질에 RUP 함량을 30 %에서 40 %로 증가시킴으로서 에너지, 단백질 이용 효율을 높여 젖소의 생산성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.677-684
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• 2008

Accurate estimation of dry matter intake (DMI) is a prerequisite to meet animal performance targets without penalizing animal health and the environment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate some of the existing models in order to predict DMI when lactating dairy cows were offered a total mixed ration containing a high level of concentrates and locally produced agricultural by-products. Six popular models were chosen for DMI prediction (Brown et al., 1977; Rayburn and Fox, 1993; Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat, 1999; National Research Council (NRC), 2001; Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), Fox et al., 2003; Fuentes-Pila et al., 2003). Databases for DMI comparison were constructed from two different sources: i) 12 commercial farm investigations and ii) a controlled dairy cow experiment. The model evaluation was performed using two different methods: i) linear regression analysis and ii) mean square error prediction analysis. In the commercial farm investigation, DMI predicted by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) was the most accurate when compared with the actual mean DMI, whilst the CNCPS prediction showed larger mean bias (difference between mean predicted and mean observed values). Similar results were observed in the controlled dairy cow experiment where the mean bias by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) was the smallest of all six chosen models. The more accurate prediction by Fuentes-Pila et al. (2003) could be attributed to the inclusion of dietary factors, particularly fiber as these factors were not considered in some models (i.e. NRC, 2001; CNCPS (Fox et al., 2003)). Linear regression analysis had little meaningful biological significance when evaluating models for prediction of DMI in this study. Further research is required to improve the accuracy of the models, and may recommend more mechanistic approaches to investigate feedstuffs (common to the Asian region), animal genotype, environmental conditions and their interaction, as the majority of the models employed are based on empirical approaches.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the single and combined effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and monensin treatment during early lactation on blood metabolites, milk yield and digestion of dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block with a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were three concentrations of CP supplement (19.5, 21.4, and 23.4% of dry matter) and two levels of monensin (0 and 350 mg per cow per day). The experiment consisted of three phases and each phase was 3 wk in length. Monensin did not affect milk yield, lactose, solids-non-fat (SNF), blood glucose, triglyceride and DMI, but increased blood cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin and reduced blood ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), milk fat and protein percentage. Monensin premix significantly decreased rumen ammonia, but rumen pH and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by monensin treatment. Increasing dietary CP improved milk and protein production, but did not alter the other components of milk. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, CP were improved by increasing dietary CP. Increasing dietary CP from 19.5 to 21.4% had no significant effect on ruminal ammonia, but increasing CP to 23.4% significantly increased ruminal ammonia. There was a linear relationship between level of crude protein in the diet and volume of urine excretion. Microbial protein synthesis was affected by increasing CP level; in this way maximum protein synthesis was achieved at 23.4% CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2012

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of HMBi on the production performance and metabolism in dairy cows. Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows under similar conditions were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments; i) Control, a basal diet; ii) T1, a basal diet plus HMBi (0 g prepartum and 18 g postpartum); and iii) T2, a basal diet plus HMBi (10 g prepartum and 18 g postpartum). Treatments were initiated 21 d before expected calving and continued through 91 d postpartum. HMBi was top-dressed onto the total mixed ration of each cow. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake, plasma urea nitrogen, peak milk yield, days to peak milk yield, nonesterified fatty acid, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxalaetic transaminase, milk fat content, milk protein content, milk lactose content, and milk solid non-fat content. The milk composition yields were increased by the HMBi-supplemented treatment. The T1 and T2 treatments increased the yields of 4% fat-corrected milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and milk lactose compared with the control. Although there was no difference in the milk composition of the control and T2-treated cows, the T2-treated cows exhibited higher milk fat yield (increased by 74 g/d), lower milk urea nitrogen (reduced by 3.41%), and plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxy butyrate than the control cows. The results indicate that HMBi supplementation to diet has beneficial effects, and that there is no difference between supplementation at prepartum and starting only at parturition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.1007-1014
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics under low mesophilic temperature of spent instant coffee ground (SICG) and to estimate the effect of fermented SICG (FSICG) as alternative feed ingredient on milk productivity of dairy cows. Methods: In the fermentation trial, fermentation of SICG was performed to investigate changes in characteristics using the microbial mixture (Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis = 1:1:1) for 21 days at $20^{\circ}C$ under anaerobic conditions. Molasses was added at 5% of dry mass. In the animal trial, eighteen Holstein Friesian cows were used to evaluate the nutritive value of the FSICG which was fermented for 14 days under the same condition as the fermentation trial. Results: In the fermentation trial, the dry matter (DM) and organic matter content linearly decreased with fermentation time (p<0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). The acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content linearly decreased with fermentation time (p = 0.037). The microorganism counts linearly increased for Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis across fermentation time (p<0.001). In the animal trial, the DM intake of the control and FSICG treatment were not significantly different, as were milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk, fat-protein corrected milk, and feed to milk conversion content. Fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids, milk urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts were also not significantly different in milk composition between treatments. Conclusion: FSICG should be considered a sufficient substitute for cottonseed as a feed component, and 5% DM of a dietary FSICG level was appropriate for dairy cow diets.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.425-431
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• 1991

Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin$({\gamma}BST)$ on mineral composition of milk were investigated in Twenty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows. Recombinant BST was administered by two different routes; intramusculary(12.5mg and 25mg/day) and subcutaneously (500mg and 750mg) in sustained-release vehicle every 2 weeks beginning 4 week postpartum and continuing for 7 months. Milks were collected 0,1,2,3,5 and 7 months after beginning of treatments in control and ${\gamma}BST$-administered groups. Mineral composition, such as Ca, Pi, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn, in milk were not affected by the administration of ${\gamma}BST$ regardless of dose and dosage forms. It is concluded from the observations of these experiments that the dose and dosage forms of ${\gamma}BST$ employed in this work might not affect milk mineral composition in dairy cows under the normal sanitary condition and adequate nutrient balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1094-1101
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• 2000

Thirty-six crossbred (70% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were assigned to one of four treatments. The dietary treatments were concentrate based, containing 13.5, 27.0, 40.5 and 54.0% of cassava in concentrate replacing ground maize (16.0% CP). There were curvilinear responses to intake of organic matter, non-structural carbohydrate and metabolisable energy. Cassava and corn fed in a ratio of 50:50 maximised organic matter, metabolisable energy intake; milk yield, milk protein and lactose yield. Milk fat yield was not affected by levels of inclusion. Dietary treatment did not influence ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations or plasma glucose. The low market price for cassava resulted in a lower concentrate feed cost. The optimal level of cassava in a dairy cow diet is suggested as being between 20.0 and 30.0% of cassava in dry matter intake when fed with rice straw.