• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.708-712
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• 2002

Effects of unprocessed (whole) or steam-flaked corn with or without enzyme additives on in vivo nutrient digestibilities and distribution of corn particles in the feces of Holstein steers were determined in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment using four Holstein steers fed the diets containing 1) whole corn without enzyme additive, 2) whole corn with enzyme additive, 3) flaked corn without enzyme additive, or 4) flaked corn with enzyme additive. With regard to nutrient digestibilities such as DM, CP, CF, NFE, NDF, and ADF, no significant differences were detected among treatments, and also the nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the addition of enzyme additive. When distribution of corn particles in the feces was examined, there were no significant differences in the amount of 2, 8 mm and total corn particles. However, feeding flaked corn resulted in less corn particles (4 mm) in the feces than feeding whole corn (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in amounts of corn particles in the feces due to the addition of enzyme additive.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.514-515
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• 1989

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.385-391
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare proteins expressed in M. longissimus from Hanwoo and Holstein steers immediately after slaughter. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE)/LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the total number of detectable protein spots from longissimus muscle tissues was slightly higher in Hanwoo ($575{\pm}65$) than Holstein ($534{\pm}13$) steers, but that these numbers were not statistically significant due to large variation between replicates. A total of twelve protein spots did not match between sample groups, eight of which were expressed in the Hanwoo sample and four that were expressed in the Holstein sample. The protein spots detected in the Hanwoo sample included smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin alkali light chain 6B isomers, ${\alpha}B$ crystallin isomers, hemoglobin ${\beta}$-A chains, slow myosin heavy chains, and slow skeletal muscle troponin T chains. Collectively, these proteins are a class of slow-twitch muscle fiber and mirror that Hanwoo muscle tissue sampled for the current study contained more slow-twitch muscle fibers than Holstein one. Conversely, proteins detected from the Holstein sample included ankyrin repeat domain 2 and creatin kinase isomers. Given that creatin kinase isomers are related to the fast-twitch muscle, these results likely indicate that Holstein muscle tissue sampled for the current study contained more fast-twitch muscle fibers than Hanwoo beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three herb supplementations on blood metabolites, hormones, antioxidant activity, immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration, and ruminal fermentation in steers. Four Holstein steers in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design received four herb treatments. The treatments consisted of the steers' regular diets with addition of: 1) nothing (control), 2) peppermint, 3) clove, and 4) lemongrass at 5% of the diet (DM basis). Clove supplementation increased the plasma concentration of cholesterol by about 10% (from 79 to 87 mg/dl). Peppermint and lemongrass feeding resulted in an increase in the concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (from 5.9 to 6.9 and 6.4 mg/dl, respectively). The three herb treatments had no effect on other metabolites and hormones. Steers receiving clove supplementation showed a higher plasma antioxidant activity. The three herb treatments caused lower concentrations of IgG in the blood. Peppermint and lemongrass feedings increased, and clove feeding decreased ruminal concentrations of ammonia. There were no significant differences in VFA concentrations among herbal treatments, except for the decrease in propionate concentration in steers receiving clove treatment. This study suggested that clove feeding changed cholesterol metabolism and increased antioxidant activity in plasma, and feeding of three herbs affected immunity system and ruminal fermentation in steers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.914-921
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality in young bulls, steers and heifers produced by crossing Limousin bulls with Holstein-Friesian cows, fattened semi-intensively and slaughtered at 18 months of age. Methods: Thirty-one young calves were reared in a conventional production system, and were fed milk replacer, hay and concentrate. At 6 months of age, the animals were divided into groups based on gender, and were fed a total mixed ration composed of grass silage, concentrates I and II in a semi-intensive production system. At the end of the fattening period (18 months), the animals were slaughtered, carcass quality was evaluated, and samples of musculus longissimus thoracis were collected to determine the proximate composition and quality of meat. Results: Bulls were characterized by the highest percentage share of the most valuable cuts in the carcass, and three-rib sections from bull carcasses had the highest lean meat content with low intramuscular fat content (0.93%). No significant differences in carcass conformation, dressing percentage or the percentage share of round in the right half-carcass were found between bulls vs. steers and heifers. Heifers and steers had higher carcass fat content than bulls, which had a positive influence on the sensory properties of beef. In comparison with the meat of bulls, the meat of steers and heifers was characterized by more desirable physical properties and sensory attributes (water-holding capacity, shear force, color lightness, aroma, juiciness, tenderness, flavor). Conclusion: Under the semi-intensive production system, heifers and steers had higher carcass fat content than bulls, which had a positive effect on the sensory properties of beef. Bulls are better suited for intensive systems, which contribute to improving the quality of their meat. The results of this study may encourage producers to breed steers and heifers for beef.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.455-462
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the carcass characteristics and nutritional composition of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of domestic steer beef (Hanwoo and Holstein born and raised in Korea) and imported beef (Angus imported from Australia, raised for about 6 months in Korea). A total of twelve steers (4 steers per each breed and quality grade 2) were slaughtered, LL muscles were separated and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The pH values of Holstein meat were notably higher than those of Hanwoo, and WHC values were similar between Hanwoo and Holstein, but Angus showed some differences. The WHC of the LL muscle from Hanwoo was better than those from Holstein and Angus when stored for fourteen days. The CIE $a^*$, $b^*$, and $h^0$ values of the LL muscle from Hanwoo were significantly higher than those of Angus at day 7 (p<0.05). Oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin contents were not significantly different among three breeds at days 7 and 14. In the intra-muscular fat contents, the LL muscle of Hanwoo was significantly higher than Holstein, whereas the moisture and ash contents tended to be lower than the others. In mineral contents, P and Zn contents in the LL muscle of Holstein were higher than the other breeds, and K contents was higher in Hanwoo and Holstein meat than Angus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1455-1461
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• 2010

Three rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were fed three diets, each with a different synchrony index (SI) (LS: 0.77, MS: 0.81, and HS: 0.83), in order to examine the effect of diet on rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Synchrony index was calculated based on the carbohydrate and crude protein fractions of each ingredient and their degradation rates. Feeding the steers diets with different SIs did not influence dry matter, crude protein, NDF, or ADF digestibility. The concentrations of total and individual VFA in the rumens of steers that were fed the two higher-SI diets were higher than in those fed the low-SI diet (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two higher-SI diets. One hour after feeding, steers on the LS diet had lower ruminal pHs than did those fed the MS or HS diets (p<0.05), and animals on the LS diet generally showed higher ruminal $NH_3$-N levels than did animals on the other diets, with the 4-h post-feeding difference being significant (p<0.05). Steers receiving the LS diet excreted more nitrogen (N) in their urine than did those on the two higher-SI diets (p<0.05), and the total N excretion of those on the LS diet was also higher (p<0.05). Microbial N levels calculated from the concentration of urinary purine derivatives were generally higher when the SI was higher, with the highest microbial protein synthesis being produced by steers on the HS diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, in the current study, ingestion of a synchronous diet by Holstein steers improved microbial protein synthesis and VFA production and decreased total N output.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2015

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW $401.0{\pm}2.22kg$) fed TMR containing low protein (CP 9.63 %) as a basal diet were used to investigate the effects of cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS) fraction enriched protein feeds on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites. The steers used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design consumed TMR only (control), TMR with rapeseed meal (AB1), TMR with soybean meal (B2) and TMR with perilla meal (B3C), respectively. The protein feeds were substituted for 30 % crude protein of TMR intake. For measuring ruminal pH, ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h-interval after the afternoon feeding. Blood was sampled via the jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. Different CNCPS fraction-enriched proteins did not affect (p>0.05) ruminal pH except B3C being numerically low compared with the other groups. Ammonia-N and VFA were not significantly different among the experimental groups. Numerically low ammonia-N appeared in the steers fed rapeseed meal even though it contained high soluble N composition (A and B1 fractions). The discrepancy is unclear; however this may be related to low protein level in the diet and/or low DM intake. Blood metabolites were not significantly affected by the protein substitution except for blood urea nitrogen that was significantly (p<0.05) increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.330-336
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• 2004

Six 16 months old Holstein steers were offered ad libitum feed for 7 months, to determine the (1) relationships of backfat thickness (BFT) to plasma leptin, and insulin; and (2) associations of TDN intake/kg body weight (BW) to plasma leptin, BFT and insulin. Feed intake, body weight and BFT were measured on selected monthly ages from day 1 to 8, day 1 and 8, and day 8, respectively. Blood was sampled on day 8 and the plasma was analyzed for leptin, insulin, glucose, NEFA, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Body weight and BFT increased, while TDN intake per kg BW decreased from 16 to 23 months old. Plasma leptin increased and mimicked the level of insulin, resulting to significant correlation (r=0.54; p<0.002). TDN intake was negatively related to plasma leptin (r=0.49; p<0.004), insulin (r=0.41; p<0.02) and BFT at 12 to 13th rib (r=0.48; p<0.005). Backfat thickness at 12 to 13th rib was positively related to plasma leptin (r=0.45; p<0.01). Negative associations of TDN intake with plasma leptin and BFT during finishing period suggest long-term involvement of adipose tissues in the feed intake regulation of steers fed high concentrate diet.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.97-99
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to determine whether subcutaneous temperature (ST) was correlated with rectal temperature (RT) in cattle with inducing artificial fever. In order to determine the correlation between their temperatures, the experiment was performed as follow: Among nine Holstein steers, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intravenously administered at a dose of $0.5{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to six Holstein steer, then, 6 ml of saline was administrated to three steers as a control group. After LPS injection, ST was recorded using subcutaneously implanted thermo-logger sensors at 10-min intervals, and RT was measured using a digital thermometer at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 h. In steers with LPS injection, RT was highest at 3 to 4 h and recovered to a pre-challenge temperature at 8-22 h. A similar fluctuation was shown in ST except for an unexpected decrease at 1 h, and a positive correlation between RT and ST was observed in LPS-challenged steers (r = 0.497, P = 0.04). This result suggests that ST could be utilized as an index for early detection of infectious diseases or physiological events.