• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.33-52
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• 2013

Objective : Zhang Zhong-jing's Shang-Han-Lun is based on Six-channels system(六經) to classified a disease, but the notion of this seems to be a very various angles. Among them, Ke-qin(柯琴)'s Six-surface theory(六經地面說) is very clearly explained the notion of Six-channels system(六經) and it provide crucial clue to understanding a Shang-Han-Lun Method : I will try to describe the Six-surface theory(六經地面說) through the Ke-qin's Shang-Han-Lun-Yi(傷寒論翼). At the core of this paper, The diaphragm is the most important criterion to understand a Six-channels system(六經), and it is based on the human body to divided into Yin-Yang(陰陽). Result : Ke-qin's Six-surface theory(六經地面說) is connected with Meridian system(經絡), Viscera and Bowels(臟腑), and their functions. It is the concept of comprehensive to including those related were grouped into the surface. Conclusion : Six-surface(六經地面) is far beyond the simple concept of Meridian, and it include organization of pathology concepts carrying up to what happens on the human body caused by disease. We can see that Zhong-jing's(仲景) medical treatment from syndrome differentiation(辨證) is associated with a holism(整體觀).

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2003

The purpose: This study was to describe the spiritual nursing care experiences of nursing students who were in a university, Seoul, Korea. Method: This study is based on descriptive analysis of case studies that were submitted by nursing students. Nursing students were 64 person who were sophomores in a university of the year 2000, 2001. Results: 1. The problems that students report for their subjects were: Loss of self-confidence, body image complex, health status problems, maladaptability, economic problems of home, guilty feeling, problems with dating, loneliness, uncertainty of their future, faith problem, accountability, stress and apart from intimate friends. 2. The methods which students use to solve the subjects's problems were: prayer with subjects, use the Scripture, conversation, meet frequently, listening, frequent phone call, explore problem solving methods together, write letters or E-mails, present with books or music CD etc. 3. After the students have experienced spiritual nursing care they feel that: satisfaction, lack of knowledge of spiritual care, understanding the importance of spiritual nursing care make a new resolution for others, understanding the importance of listening, understanding the power of prayer, the need of Bible study. Conclusion: Maintaining spiritual wellness is a important as maintaining physical fitness and essential for optimal well being. Therefore educating nursing students in developing and maintaining spiritual wellness is essential for the patient to achieve holism.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.370-375
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• 2016

Recent advances in systems biology are shedding a new light on the traditional medicine research. The systems biology highlights the way each component interacts with each other within a system, and the network behavior that emerges from such interactions. This feature of systems biology can accent the systemic aspects of Korean medicine such as the mechanism of action of herbal formulae, pattern differentiation, and the meridian systems, as both the Korean medicine and the systems biology theorize the human physiological functions and phenomena from a holistic point of view. This paper outlines the meaning of the recent Korean medicine research using the systems biology methodology. We discuss the methodologies of the two fields in a comparative manner, and overview the advantages and limitations of the integrated approaches. Finally, we suggest the future prospects for the systems biology inspired approaches to the Korean medicine research. The systems biology may provide a new modernized research methodology for the Korean medicine that can highlight its unique features.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.462-472
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to describe the spiritual care experiences of student nurses after they have received 2 credits in a spiritual nursing care course at a university in Seoul, Korea. The major finding are as follow: 1 The problems that students reported for their patients were. loss of self- confidence, anxiety about outward appearance, anxiety about his(her) health and illness, maladaptability, guilt, problems with dating, uncertainty about his (her) future. 2. The methods which students used to help solve the patients' problems were: prayer with patients, use of Scripture, conversation, advice, frequent meetings listening, frequent phone call, writing letters, exploring problem solving methods together, and introduction of similar patients. 3. After the students had experienced spiritual nursing care they felt satis-faction, lack of knowledge of spiritual care, understood that spiritual nursing care courses at the university are important for education and experience, and understood the need for experience to increase sensitivity to the spiritual needs of their patients. Conclusion : Maintaining spiritual wellness is a important as maintaining physical fitness and essential for optimal well being. Therefore educating student nurses in developing and maintaining spiritual wellness is essential in order for them to help their patients achieve holism.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.45-56
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• 2000

Objectives : Meridian Scraping Therapy(MST: Kwal-Sa: 刮痧) has not well known in Korea. But it's a kind of Traditional Physical Therapy wide spreaded in China and Taiwan. So I want to introduce this new Therapy by summarizing the basic theories and practical manipulations. Conclusions : To analyse the meaning of the character Kwal-Sa, Kwal(刮) means scraping the skin by some tools and Sa(痧) means originally the red spots on skin of measles but in this therapy it's the red spot on skin after the treatment. Meridian Scraping Therapy is based on the meridiology and holism which are the basic theory of Oriental Medicine. The main effects of Meridian Scraping Therapy are draining of pathogenic factors, promoring the flow of ki and blood, tonify yang, balancing the harmony of intemal organs and enhancing the immuno-ability in body. Rhinoceros corpus is common matrial of MST-plate which is the tool of manipulation. And by this plate several manipulation is performed according to the symptom and the locations of pain. The merits of MST are that easily learned by practician, the effects of the treatment are very quickly manifest and no significant side-effects. And additionally this therapy performed not only for treat diseases but prevent it and preserve health.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.295-306
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• 1991

Han-Thought is a philosophy unique to the native to Korean culture. From the point view of etymological analysis the word “Han” means “Large”, “High” means “Whole” Ancient Korean people planted their philosophical roots deep in what has come to be known an Han-Thought. The goal of this study was to explore “Han-Thought” for concepts and principles which may contribute to the building of a Korean nursing philosophy, ethic, paradigm, theory and eventully practice. Ontologlly, our ancient people attempted to learn what was most essential and meaningful in life Han-Thought embraces the thought of complete harmony with in wholeness. Han encompasses everything in the universe. A chracteristic of Han-Thought is that all things relate to each other in harmonic balance, not in conflict. The harmonious balance of all things excludes both disruption and confrontation, making all things into a large oneness. Thus Han-Thought applied to Holism traditionally embraced by nursing philosophy. The principles of Han-Thought emphasize the love of peace. Extreme individualism and egoism are not allowed in Han-Thought. Thus Han-Thought provide a humanistic and ethical foundation for nursing philosophy. Han-Thought is a valuable philosophy for Korean nurse to explore toward the development of the discipline in Korea.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.3
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• pp.225-247
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• 2001

The analysis of art work that is objective and theoretical needs the help of the cognitive psychology, for the pictorial semiotics requires psychology. The first step to the analysis of art work is about the visual elements and their relations. But the semiotics is lack of the method of the analysis of art work and the some authors don't have treated or been interested in psychological analysis. The main problem of visual semiotics is the density of pictorial representation. It makes the semantic of art work impossible at the very early process of analysis. But the density is not only a matter of visual representation, verbal language also has this problem. The point is that art work functions more art than denotation, but verbal language does more denotation than art. This difference makes difficult to apply the method of language or semiotics to visual art. The possibility of pictorial syntax or perceptual semantics should begin considering the unification of perception and semantics. In principles these two field can be unified. At atomism and holism these are parallel. Therefore perceptual semantics is possible The cognitive psychology can help to formulation of perceptual semantics. At first, the visual representation is incremental and it can be divided at three steps. In these steps each sensation, perception and cognition level has their own role. Perceptual representation of art work should be specified at these three levels. And each of these levels, the special properties of art work should be drawn and examined in the possibility of semiotics. The investigation of psychological levels and semiotic level should be circulated. It will help to formulate the method of analysis of art work.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2012

Objectives: Sahrmann, an American physical therapist, has developed a set of movement-related diagnoses on musculoskeletal pain syndromes (MPS). We reviewed articles for studies of objectification and quantification of Oriental medicine diagnosis system about MPS. Methods: The authors reviewed a total of 12 studies found on PubMed to obtain movement system impairment (MSI)-based classification categories. Results: The MSI system has been developed for objectification and quantification of physical therapists' MPS diagnoses. The MSI system of classification is based on the basic premise that loss of precise movement is the result of specific repetitive movements and positions in everyday life. The MSI system defines 8 categories in the shoulder region, 5 in the lumbar region, and 7 in the knee region. Treatment involves (1) educating the person about the specific directions of alignment and movement that appear to be contributing to the musculoskeletal problem, (2) modifying the direction - specific alignment and movement patterns during daily activities, and (3) exercises to address the impairments. Conclusions: The authors propose that MSI studies could help to advance an Oriental medical diagnosis system on musculoskeletal pain syndromes, because MSI shares similarity with Oriental medicine in terms of holism, views of constant motion, and mi-byung (subhealth) treatment.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2000

The role of the neonatal nurse specialist has been well established over the past decade and now reform in 21st century. Neonatal nurse specialists responsibilities in caring for critically and long-term chronically ill infants and their families are very important. Neonatal nurse specialists have a two fold responsibility in caring for these infants. First, through acquiring advanced practice education in complex neonatal care and diagnostic skills, neonatal nurse specialists meet the physiologic needs of the infant. Second, neonatal nurse specialists provide a more holistic approach to their care through evaluating the family in treatment plans and involving the family in discharge planning for the infant. In some institutions, neonatal nurse specialists are directly involved in institutional and/or home follow-up care and case management also. It is the neonatal nurse specialists responsibility to function collaboratively with the multidisciplinary team in managing critically or chronically ill infants from admission to discharge. The role of the neonatal nurse specialist case manager can be described as one that focuses on individualized care of the infant, while providing continuity of care to both the infant and family. The neonatal nurse specialist's role will vary depending on the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU). Therefore, the multidisciplinary collaborative approach to long-term management of infants in the NICU is extremely important to provide successful transition to home or to long-term rehabilitative care facilities because care for the chronically ill infant is complex and multifaceted. I suggest the role of neonatal nurse specialist in 21st century are as follows. 1. Diagnostic/patient assessment 2. Management of patient health/illness 3. Administering/monitoring therapeutic interventions and regimens 4. Monitoring/ensuring quality of health care practices 5. Organization and work role 6. Helping role 7. Teaching/coaching role 8. Management of rapidly changing situations 9. Consulting role The advanced practice nursing model of care delivered by neonatal nurse specialist's in the NICU incorporates medical and nursing role functions and emphasizes holism, caring, and a health perspective for critically and chronically ill neonates and their families.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.72-83
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• 2000

This study purports to review traditional health concepts of Korea by age, and to compare them to health concepts defined in western societies. Furthermore the study offers these results as the basis of construction for Korean nursing theory. Literature for the review were traditional health books published in Korea. These books are Euibangyoochui, Hyangyakjibsungbang, Dongeuibogam, Eiyangpyun, Dongeuisoosebowon, & Hwangjaenaekyung. In addition, articles that studied traditional literature or Korean medical history were reviewed when no publication of a primary source was available. In ancient Korean society, health was viewed as a 'good relationship or harmony with a supernatural subject', 'harmony of earth, water, fire, and air', and a 'long life with no illness'. The treatment aspect of medicine was emphasized in the middle-aged society. The health concepts in the pre-modern society included such concepts as 'jeongkhibojeon', 'adjustment to the nature', 'harmony between yang and yin', 'strengthening of jeongkhishin', 'circulation of owoonyookchi', 'kyungjok mind-body state' and 'jeongshimjeonghang'. Major health concepts in western literature were 'adaptation', 'role performance', 'actualization of human potential', 'adaptation and actualization of potential', and 'comfort'. Traditional health concepts of Korea focus on principles. They deliver abstract meanings, which make their measures uneasy. They believe in holism and unity with nature and especially emphasize the mental aspect. On the other hand, health concepts of western societies focus on phenomena. Their meanings are somewhat concrete, which make their measurements relatively easy. They see a person adapts positively to the environment as an independent being from the environment. These concepts have biopsychosocial aspects with no partial emphasis in the mental aspects. These traditional concepts of health were classified into two main perspectives. One is the unity of heaven & man, and the other is the unity of mind and body. The former perspective is based on the main concept of Chi. The latter has the main concept of ruling of the mind. The two main concepts discussed above need further examination for development of a nursing theory for Korean society. The application of circulation of Chi needs balance and harmony, and the application of ruling of mind needs temperance.