• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.145-153
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the phase-by-phase elapsed time, the COG, the body joint angle changes and the angular velocities of each phase of Handspring Salto Forward Piked performed by 4 college gymnasts through 3D movement analysis program. 1. The average elapsed time for each phase was .13sec for Phase 1, .18sec for Phase 2, .4sec for Phase 3, and .3sec for Phase 5. The elapsed time for Phase 1 to Phase 3 handspring was .35sec on average and the elapsed time for Phase 4 to Phase 5 handspring salto forward piked was .7sec on average. And so it showed that the whole elapsed time was 1.44sec. 2. The average horizontal changes of COG were 93.2 cm at E1, 138. 5 cm at E2, 215.7 cm at E3, 369.2 cm at E4, 450.7 cm at E5, and 553.1 cm at E6. The average vertical changes of COG were 83.1 cm at E1, 71.3 cm at E2, 78.9 cm at E3, 93.7 cm at E4, 150.8 cm at E5, and 97.2 cm at E6. 3. The average shoulder joint angles at each phase were 131.6 deg at E1, 153.5 deg at E2, 135.4 deg at E3, 113.4 deg at E4, 39.6 deg at E5, and 67.5 deg at E6. And the average hip joint angles at each phase were 82.2 deg at E1, 60 deg at E2, 101.9 deg at E3, 161.2 deg at E4, 97.7 deg at E5, and 167 deg at E6. 4. The average shoulder joint angular velocities at each phase were 130.9deg/s E1, 73.1 deg/s at E2, -133.9 deg/s at E3, -194.4 deg/s at E4, 29.4 deg/s at E5, and -50.1 deg/s at E6. And the average hip joint angular velocities at each phase were -154.7 deg/s E1, -96.5 deg/s at E2, 495.9 deg/s at E3, 281.5 deg/s at E4, 90.3 deg/s at E5, and 181.7 deg/s at E6. The results shows that, as for the performance of handspring salto forward piked, it is important to move in short time and horizontally from the hop step to the point to place the hands on the floor and jump, and to stretch the hip joints as much as possible after the displacement of the hands and to keep the hip joints stretched and high in the vertical position at the takeoff. And it is also important to bend the shoulder joints and the hip joints fast and spin as much as possible after the takeoff, and to decrease the speed of spinning by bending he shoulder joints and the hip joints quickly after the highest point of COG and make a stable landing.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2016

Powder injection molding (PIM), which combines the advantages of powder metallurgy and plastic injection molding technologies, has become one of the most efficient methods for the net-shape production of both metal and ceramic components. In this work, plasma display panel glass bodies are prepared by the PIM process. After sintering, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process is adopted for improving the density and mechanical properties of the PIMed glass bodies. The mechanical and thermal behaviors of the prepared specimens are analyzed through bending tests and dilatometric analysis, respectively. After HIPing, the flexural strength of the prepared glass body reaches up to 92.17 MPa, which is 1.273 and 2.178 times that of the fused glass body and PIMed bodies, respectively. Moreover, a thermal expansion coefficient of $7.816{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ is obtained, which coincides with that of the raw glass powder ($7.5-8.0{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$), indicating that the glass body is fully densified after the HIP process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to investigate fatigue phenomema of woven fabric. In order to obtain the basic data which is available for predicting the fabric fatigue phenomena, the change of mechanical properties of woven fabrics caused by the wearing and the changes of mechanical properties of woven fabrics which were subjected to repeated tensile-shearing deformation using fabric testing machine has been investigated and compared. The fatigue of woven fabrics was examined with the value of basic mechanical properties of specimens measured by the KES-F fabric testing system and their hand value and wearing ability. The results were as follows. 1) The fatigue phenomena of woven fabrics by the wearing for 800 hours are different on the position of the body: On the portion of hip, the change of surface property was the greatest, bending hysterisis was greatly increased, thickness weight, stiffness, fullness shearing hysterisis were more increased than original fabric and T.H.V. was decreased. On the portion of knee, decreasing of tensile resilience and increasing of bending, shearing hysterisis were observed greater than any other part, and increasing of stiffness, crispness was more than original fabric. On the bottom area, the changes of mechanical property was comparatively small, H.V. and T.H.V. showed near the value of the original fabric. 2) By drycleaning most of mechanical properties showed the tendency to recover the value of the original fabric, but bending hysterisis and thickess were increased, tensile and com-pression resilience were decreased more than original fabric in all parts. 3) The fatigue phenomena caused by fabric fatigue testing machine were as follows. The decreasing of hystersis in the repeated deformation such as bending, shearing was appeared at the $10^2$ deformation, but with the increasing cycle, the tendency was slightly regained. Handle value was also appeared the lowest value at the $10^2$ deformation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.26
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• pp.279-288
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• 1995

The objective of the study was to provide fun-damental data on somatotype for elderly women by classifying the somatotype and analyzing the characteristics of their somatotype. The subjects were 368 women ages of 60∼84, they were measured direct anthropometry. In or-der to find out differences among the age groups, the 368 subjects were grouped into two age groups(Group 1 aged 60 to 69, Group 2 ; aged 70 to 84) Data were analyzed using Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, Duncan test and Analysis of variance. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The characteristics of Elderly women's somatotype were bending of the upper-torso, fat-ness of the waist and abdomen, drooping of the bust and shoulder and hip. In addition, height, girth, depth and width items were decreased in their sizes respectively. 2. Through the factor analysis, we extracted 5 factors from anthropometric measurements. Factor components were obesity, height, girth of the leg and arm, length of the upper-torso except the center front length, the center front length, we categorized by 4 clusters using 5 factor scores. And after the cluster analysis using 5 factor scores, 4 clusters were categorized. The characteristics of clusters were as follows. Type 1 was characterized by short, obesity type, and droopy bust. Type 2 was characterized by short and slender type, dropped bust, and bending somatotype from the lateral view. Type 3 was characterized by middle sized and straight somatotype from the lateral view. Type 4 was characterized by tall and obese type from the lateral view.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.310-316
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• 2006

Fitness of clothes becomes a major concern in apparel industry. But male sports athletes had difficulties to buy ready-made clothes of good fit. Because ready-made clothes manufactured in companies are produced accordingly to the general person's body types. To solve this problem, it is necessary to classify athletes' upper body into several kinds of somatotypes. The purpose of this study was to classify upper body types of male sports athletes based on the analysis of their upper body types and to provide fundamental data on the development of ready-to-wear clothing appropriate for the upper body types. The subjects for anthropometric measurement were 189 male sports athletes of 20 to 29 year-old. The result of factor analysis indicated that 6 factors were extracted from anthropometric measurements through analysis and those factors comprise 73.807% of total variance. 3 clusters were categorized using 6 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was taller than other types, had average size in circumference, width and thickness and was bending somatotype. Type 2 exhibits a large circumference in the upper body and straight somatotype. Type 3 was characterized by short, exhibits a large circumference in waist, abdomen and hip and swayback somatotype.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study is to compare and analysis the changes in strength and endurance of the knee extensor muscles after Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods: Twelve male subjects with ligament injury were seated on Biodex and the hip joint was flexed at 110°, and torso, lower extremities, and legs were fixed using Velcro. The resistance device was placed at a point 3cm above the ankle, and measurements were taken before and a surgery at 60°/sec and 180°/sec when the knee was maximally extended. The postures ingeniously combine forward-bending poses countered with backward-bending ones. Results: There was no significant difference in the comparison of muscle strength of 60°/sec and 180°/sec before surgery. But there was a significant difference after surgery. There was significant difference in muscle endurance both before and after surgery. There was a significant difference in the pre- and post- operative comparison values of muscle strength and endurance in isokinetic movements at 60°/sec and 180°/sec during knee extension on the injured side. Conclusion: For cruciate ligament tears, Orthopedic reconstruction is recommended. Correct alignment of the knee ligament after surgery can enhance the strength and endurance of the quadriceps femoris during knee extension rejuvenated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1584-1594
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• 2008

This study was to research the characteristics of the body shape of Korean woman farmers by the major crops. Four hundred ninety-five Korean woman farmers from 9 different area such as Kumi, Damyang, Iksan, Injae, Chungju, Choongju, Haman, Whasung, and Whasoon volunteered for this study. Their major crops were the rice, the pepper, the water melon, the strawberry, the wild rocambole, the sweet persimmon, the grapes, the mushroom, and the chrysanthemums. Twelve body angles were measured from archived the somatotype photographs of the front, the side, and the back. Questionnaires of SF-36 and the farmer's symptom, and the farm-work related movements were surveyed. The results were as follows; 1. Farmers had lower health levels in physical role limit, pain, vitality, and physical function than other occupational workers. 2. Most farmers acted the high-risk ergonomics motions when they worked in the farm. 3. There were significantly different on the both shoulder angles, the hip tangential line slope, the hip breadth angel, in frontal ankle-knee angle, the bending back angle, the dropping breast slope, the abdominis media angle, under the abdominis media angle, the glutea angle, under the glutea angle, and the sideward knee angle(p<.05). 4. Farmers cultivating the low plants such as the water melon, the strawberry, and the wild rocambole showed more banded vertebralis and side knee angles. Farmers cultivating the red pepper showed the dropping the left shoulder and O shape legs. Farmers cultivating the fruit trees such as the sweet persimmon and the grapes showed the less banded side knee angles than other farmer groups. 5. On comparing the same age, farmers showed the older's body shape in earlier and much more than the old living in the city.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-stretching exercises for iliotibial band (ITB) (Side-lying; right hip and knee were flexed to support the pelvis while left hip was extended and adducted, Standing A; side-bending of the trunk on standing with crossed leg, Standing B; same as Standing A, except the hands were clasped overhead and shifted right side, and Standing C; same as Standing B, except moving the arms diagonally downward) to help determine the most effective self-stretching method to stretch ITB. Twenty-one healthy subjects who do not have ITB shortness from Yonsei University (14 men and 7 women) between the ages of 18 to 28 years voluntarily participated. Ultrasound was performed to measure the thickness of the ITB between the long axis of the ITB and the level parallel to the lateral femoral epicondyle during four self-stretching exercises. All data were found to approximate a normal distribution. We used a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the thickness of the ITB among all self-stretching exercises. The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}$=.05. The ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni's correction. The overall mean of ITB thickness was $1.14{\pm}.4$ mm (${\pm}$ standard deviation) in resting status. The change in the ITB thickness in percentages between the tested position of each self-stretching exercises and resting status was significant (p<.05) (Side-lying $26.62{\pm}10.18%$ with 95% confidence interval [CI]=21.99~31.25%; Standing A $29.46{\pm}16.19%$ with 95% CI=22.09~36.84%; Standing B $44.06{\pm}14.82%$ with 95% CI=37.31~50.81%; Standing C $53.76{\pm}12.1%$ with 95% CI=48.25~59.29%). Results indicated significant differences among four self-stretching exercises except Side-lying versus Standing A (p<.01). Based on these findings, the Standing C self-stretching exercise was the most effective in stretching the ITB thickness among four types of ITB self-stretching exercises. Additionally, the Side-lying self-stretching exercise using gravity to stretch the ITB is recommended as a low-load (low-intensity), long-duration stretch.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.601-608
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• 2005

This research investigated the present state of the dress forms used by clothing manufacturers and proposed procedure to bring out the standardized body type and figure for women in twenties. The result of questionnaire showed chief pattern maker's thoughts that dress form should be differently made for each age group and should be more reflected the standard body than the idea body. The standardized body type was made from the standardized posture and size which were analyzed from the interquartile range(IQR) of 314 subjects. The standardized size could be verified as for the balanced body shape of twenties through making the standard dress form. The standardized form(S form) was compared with three kinds of forms(A, K and P) for investigating the suitability of forms. K form was very similar to S form, Educational P form and manufacturer's A form had quite big differences from S form at the important areas for making clothing. The side shapes of A, K and P forms showed differences at back bending, neck angle and hip shape from S form. A form was comparatively smooth and flat. This results could be used as the practical standard to improve the suitability of size and shape in the dress forms of manufacturers and educators.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.185-195
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the wearing silhouette of jackets according to the mechanical properties, primary hand value and total hand value of the 3 types of wool fabrics. Wool/PET(50/50), wool/PET(80/50) and wool(100%) fabrics were used as test specimens. Mechanical properties of specimens were measured by KES-FB system and primary hand value and total hand value were calculated by equation KN-203-LDY. We made three experimental jackets based on the precious jacket pattern and used Moir Photography to measure the amounts of space between the jacket clothes and body surface from the overlap cross section map. The results were as follows: 1) In mechanical properties, woo/PET(80/20) fabric showed higher bending and shear rigidity. 2) In evaluation of primary hand and total hand, wool 100% fabric showed higher NUMERI and FUKURAMI hand and total hand value. 3) From the reset of Moir Photography, the wearing shapes of the experimental jackets were influenced by the characteristics of fabrics. Except for the hip part, the garment ease of wool/PET(80/20) fabric was estimated more highly.