• 생약학회지
• /
• 제34권3호통권134호
• /
• pp.233-236
• /
• 2003

An extract of Alnus japonica (Betulaceae) cortex has been traditionally used for purifying blood, and curing feces containing blood, enteritis, diarrhea, alcoholism and cut wounds. Alnus japonica cortex extract significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema at 1, 2 and 3 hrs after oral administration by 32.8, 24.4, and 46.9%. It also inhibited acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice by 15.3 and 28.0% at oral doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, and it significantly reduced the volume of hindpaw of adjuvant-induced arthritis rats at the day 6 and 10 by 22.5 and 18.7% after the sample administration. Alnus japonica cortex extract increased threshold on inflamed paw (Randall-Selitto assay) at 3 hr by 137.5% compared to the control group. It also reduced the number of writhing syndrome dose- dependently.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.305-310
• /
• 2009

The aim of this study was to determine if a meloxicam hydrogel could be administered in vivo via phonophoretic transdermal delivery using pulsed ultrasound by examining its anti-hyperalgesic effects in a rat carrageenan inflammation model. Carrageenan (1%) was injected into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw, and meloxicam hydrogel was administered via phonophoretic transdermal delivery. Changes in the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, as well as swelling, showed that phonophoretic delivery of meloxicam exhibited significantly better anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects than pulsed ultrasound. Topical and systemic application of meloxicam hydrogel using phonophoresis showed similar anti-hyperalgesic effects. These findings suggest that the transdermal administration of a meloxicam hydrogel using phonophoresis by pulsed ultrasound might be useful for treating acute inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.142-149
• /
• 2001

Background: The expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos in spinal cord neurons following various noxious stimuli has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, the pattern of expression of c-fos after incisional stimulus has not been evaluated. This study was designed to examine c-fos expression in an incisional pain model of rats. Methods: A 1 cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin, fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hindpaw in enflurane-anesthetized rats. Withdrawal responses were measured using von Frey filaments at areas around the wound before surgery and for the next 48 hours. The expression of c-fos protein in the lumbar spinal cord was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results: After incision, c-fos was strongly expressed within laminae I, II, III, IV, V and VI ipsilateral to the incision. C-fos positive neurons were detected in the controlateral site, as well. Conclusions: These studies suggest that spinal c-fos protein may not be used as a specific marker for spinal nociceptive processing in an incisional pain model.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.404-410
• /
• 1999

Administration of capsaicin produces acute pain and subsequent long-lasting antinociception. The antinociceptive action site of capsaicin is primarily small afferent nerve fibers. However, the effect of capsaicin on the neural activity of dorsal horn neurons are not well understood. The goal of the present experiment was to study the action of capsaicin on activity of dorsal horn neurons using c-fos immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. Intradermal injection of formalin in the hindpaw produced inflammation in the foot pad and increased the number of cells exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, suggesting the hyperalgesia because of the apparent inflammation. Intradermal injection of capsaicin prior to formalin injection significantly reduced the number of cells exhibiting FLI induced by formalin and increased the paw-withdrawal latency, suggesting the hypoalgesic effect of capsaicin. Coadministeration with capsaicin of capsazepine and ruthenium red, antagonists of capsaicin receptor reversed the reduction of formalin-induced FLI by capsaicin. he antagonists also partially antagonized the antinociceptive effect of capsaicin in the paw-withdrawal test. These results further suggest that capsaicin reduces prsponses of dorsal horn neurons to the inflammatory nociceptive stimuli in the periphery. Thus, the reduction of FLI subserves the neural mechanisms underlying analgesia produced by capsaicin.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.118-124
• /
• 2014

Background: The chronic pain can disturb physical, psychological, and social performances. Analgesic agents are widely used but some antidepressants (ADs) showed analgesia also. Bupropion is using for smoke cessation but it can change morphine withdrawal signs such as pain. This study tested the acute systemic effect of bupropion on formalin induced pain behavior in rats. Methods: Wistar male healthy rats were divided into 7 groups (control, sham, and 5 treated groups with 10, 30, 90, 120, and 200 mg/kg of bupropion, i.p.). The bupropion injected 3 hours prior to formalin induced pain behavior. Formalin (50 ${\mu}l$, 2.5%) was injected subcutaneously in dorsal region of right hindpaw in all animals. Nociceptive signs were observed continuously on-line and off-line each minute. Common pain scoring was used for pain assessment. Results: The analysis of data by one-way ANOVA showed that bupropion can reduce pain scores in the second phase but not in first phase. Bupropion decreased the licking/biting duration significantly in first and second phase of formalin test. Conclusions: The results showed that bupropion has analgesic effects at systemic application. The change of second phase of the pain behavior was significant and it revealed that central mechanisms involve in bupropion analgesia.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.45-58
• /
• 2007

This study aims to examine the effects on nociceptive neuron excitability by application of electroacupuncture and Meloxicam gel in rat with inflammation. It used 24 rats for experiment, divided them into control group, electroacupuncture group(EA group), Meloxicam group(ME group), combination of electroacupuncture with Meloxicam group(EA+ME group), caused hyperalgesia by injecting ${\lambda}$-carrageenan into hindpaw and conducted treatment three times for experimental period. Noxious flexion withdrawal reflex(NFR) and somatosensory evoked potential(SEP) were measured immediately after induction, at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after induction. Change of NFR(reaction time, RMS) showed no significant differences among EA group, Meloxicam group, and EA+Meloxicam group, but all treatment groups showed significant differences compared to control group from 48 hours. In NFR threshold, there were significant differences between EA+Meloxicam and other groups. In SEP amplitude, there were significant differences between EA+Meloxicam and control group from 48 hours. This study showed that EA+Meloxicam gel had an effect on nociceptive neurone excitability. Therefore, it is considered that appropriate combination of anti-inflammatory drug with electroacupuncture for pain control will be very desirable.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 2000

Background: Systemic or intrathecal administration of gabapentin has been shown to reverse various pain states. However, until now, the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) gabapentin to noxious stimuli has not been reported. The authors' aim of this study was to determine the effect of ICV gabapentin on the inflammatory nociceptive model, formalin test, in rats. Methods: ICV catheters were implanted under halothane anesthesia. For the nociceptive test, $50{\mu}l$ of 5% formalin was subcutaneously injected into the hindpaw. The effect of ICV gabapentin, administered 10 min before formalin injection, were examined on flinching, mean arterial pressure and heart rate evoked by a injection of formalin. Results: Injection of formalin into the paw resulted in a biphasic flinching and cardiovascular response. ICV gabapentin produced a dose-dependent suppression of the flinching and mean arterial pressure response during phase 1. In contrast, in phase 2, ICV gabapentin did not attenuate the pain behavior. ICV gabapentin did not affect on the baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Conclusions: ICV gbapentin was effective for the acute noxious stimulus but it had no effect on the facilitated states induced by tissue injury.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제28권3호통권71호
• /
• pp.261-272
• /
• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to determine the analgesic effect of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus using the model of neuropathic pain and formalin-induced pain. Methods : A model of neuropathic pain was made by injuring the tibial nerve and sural nerve while the common peroneal nerve was maintained. After 2 weeks, the Acanthopanax sessiliflorus was orally administered to rats. The author performed behavioral teststo try out mechanical allodynia using von frey filament and cold allodynia using acetone, which are calculated by counting withdrawal response on foot. Thirty minutes after the Acanthopanax sessiliflorus injection in the abdominal cavity, the formalin test was performed. 2% formalin in a volume of $20{\mu}l$was injected subcutaneously into the plantar surface of the hindpaw with 26-G needle. To access formalin-induced pain behavior, paw licking time was measured every 5 min. Results : The Acanthopanax sessiliflorus 400mg/10ml/kg group showed significant decrease the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia using von frey filament in the 10min, 30min, 60min and 120min increments compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in each group in the withdrawal response of cold allodynia using acetone. The Acanthopanax sessiliflorus group showed significant decrease in the formalin-induced pain behavior in the 15min, 20min and 25min increments compared with the control group. Conclusions : The Acanthopanax sessiliflorus may have a significant analgesic effect on the general pain as well as nerve injury pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2005

Background: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and opioid receptors are involved in the modulation of nociception. Although the opioid receptors agonists are active in pain, the effect of an phospodiesterase inhibitor (zaprinast) for increasing the level of cGMP has not been thoroughly investigated at the spinal level. This study examined the effects of intrathecal zaprinast and morphine in a nociceptive test and we also examined the nature of the pharmacological interaction after the coadministration of zaprinast with morphine. The role of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP-potassium channel pathway on the effect of zaprinast was further clarified. Methods: Catheters were inserted into the intrathecal space of male SD rats. For the induction of pain, $50{\mu}l$ of 5% formalin solution was applied to the hindpaw. Isobolographic analysis was used for the evaluation of the drug interaction between zaprinast and morphine. Furthermore, NO synthase inhibitor ($_L-NMMA$), guanylyl cyclase inhibitor (ODQ) or a potassium channel blocker (glibenclamide) were intrathecally administered to verify the involvement of the NO-cGMP- potassium channel pathway on the antinociception effect of zaprinast. Results: Both zaprinast and morphine produced an antinociceptive effect during phase 1 and phase 2 in the formalin test. Isobolographic analysis revealed a synergistic interaction after the intrathecal administration of the zaprinast-morphine mixture in both phases. Intrathecal $_L-NMMA$, ODQ and glibenclamide did not reverse the antinociception of zaprinast in either phase. Conclusions: These results suggest that zaprinast, morphine and the mixture of the two drugs are effective against acute pain and they facilitated pain state at the spinal level. Thus, the spinal combination of zaprinast with morphine may be useful for the management of pain. However, the NO-sensitive cGMP-potassium channel pathway did not contribute to the antinocieptive mechanism of zaprinast in the spinal cord.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 1997

We studied the effects of ginseng protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins on the analgesia using several pain tests such as writhing, formalin, and tail-flick test. Using mouse, pretreatment of PD or PT saponins (i.p.) induced inhibition of abdominal constrictions caused by 0.9% acetic acid administration(i.p.). The $AD_{50}$ was around 27 (17-43) mg/kg for PD and 13.5 (3-61) mg/kg for PT saponins in writhing test. Both PD and PT saponins also showed the inhibition of bitings and lickings of hindpaw after administration of 1% formalin. In particular, both PD and PT saponins showed analgesic effects on second phase of pain. The $AD_{50}$ was 44.5 (26-76) mg/kg for PD and 105 (55-200) mg/kg for PT saponins in second phase of formalin test. For first phase pain inhibition by PD or PT saponins, they were required higher concentrations. However, PD saponins showed weak analgesic effects in tail-flick test with high concentration. In conclusion, we found that both PD and PT saponins have the analgesic effects in writhing test and second phase of pain in formalin test. These results suggest that both PD and PT saponins inhibit neurogenic or tonic pain rather than acute pain.