• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

The status and changes of water quality of national fishing harbors and designated ports in East Coast of Korea were analyzed to support establishment effective water environmental management. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) concentration was satisfied to designated water quality criteria in most areas, but TN (Total Nitrogen) and TP (Total Phosphorus) exceeded the criteria frequently. Also, peak concentration was summer in COD and SS (Suspended Solid), but winter in TP. Eutrophication index of Ganggu and Pohang (old) area were the highest. Pollution index by function of COD, TN, and TP of Ganggu, Pohang, Jumunjin, and Guryongpo was high with gradual increasing recently, on the contrary, that of Samcheok, Imwon, and Chuksan was decreased. Pollution index involving multi-indictors relation to organics and inorganics was necessary for water quality assessment. Designated water quality criteria needed to be improved because the criteria of Jukbyun and Chuksan was applied more strictly compared to the other regions although without difference of environmental characteristics. Furthermore, the criteria notified lately needed to be related to management pollutants from land-based sources. The continuous diagnosis and monitoring on sediment quality within the study area were necessary for prevention of water pollution and eco-friendly disposal of dredged sediment. Especially, monitoring of Designated Ports was implemented partially, however monitoring ratio of National Fishing Har-bors was 7% to whole part. Therefore, systematic and integrated environmental monitoring for ports and harbors with charge of national management was reestablished by strengthening and securing a legal basis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of sansuyu fruit (Corni fructus, CF) at temperatures of $25^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $90^{\circ}C$ using a water extraction method. Total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical-scavenging activity (RSA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) values were determined. Also the antigenotoxicity of CF was determined by measuring inhibitory effects of $H_2O_2$ induced DNA damage in human leukocytes using the comet assay. The TPC in the CF extracts was 4.2, 4.6, and 5.5 g/100 g GAE in $25^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $90^{\circ}C$, respectively. The DPPH RSA of the CF extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner over the range of $50\sim1000\;{\mu}g$/mL in all temperatures and the $SC_{50}$ of DPPH RSA of the CF extracts were not significantly different at different extraction temperatures. The $SC_{50}$ of SOD-like was the highest in CF extracted at $25^{\circ}C$ (1.1 mg/mL) followed by $90^{\circ}C$ (1.2 mg/mL) and $50^{\circ}C$ (1.3 mg/mL). The ORAC values of the CF extracts were not significantly different in low concentration ($10\;{\mu}M$/mL) and was in order of $25^{\circ}C$ ($5.7\;{\mu}M$ TE)< $90^{\circ}C$ ($6.2\;{\mu}M$ TE)< $50^{\circ}C$ ($8.5\;{\mu}M$ TE) in high concentration ($50\;{\mu}M$/mL). $200\;{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ induced DNA damages in human leukocytes were significantly reduced by the pretreatment with the CF extracts. These results suggest that sansuyu fruit (Corni fructus) can be used as a natural source for antioxidant activities and as antigenotoxic agents regardless of the water extraction temperature.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.2 s.50
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• pp.511-525
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• 1995

To elucidate some DNA adducts as a biological marker for workers of chromate pigment, the effects of chromium exposure on the formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OH-dG) and sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) frequency in 38 workers of a pigment plant in Bucheon which utilized lead chromates, were examined. The chromium contents of venous blood and urine were measured as working environmental exposure level. The concentrations of 8-OH-dG in DNA isolated from lymphocytes were determined with high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detector and denoted as a molar ratio of 8-OH-dG to deoxyguanosine(dG). The SCEs frequency were analyzed in DNA isolated from lymphocytes. A significant correlation was found between creatinine adjusted urine chromium concentration and the molar ratio of 8-OH-dG to dG(r=0.47, p<0.01). After adjusting the current smoking habit, the correlation coefficient was increased(r=0.62, p<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the SCE frequency and chromium exposure. This significant results between molar ratio of 8-OH-dG to dG and chromium exposure are in good agreement with in vitro studies that support the importance of DNA adduct formation for the carcinogenic effect of chromium.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.438-446
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• 2006

A lab-scale batch test was conducted to develop capping materials to reduce the sediment phosphorus in the stagnant water zone of Gyeongancheon in Paldang Lake. The mean grain size(Mz) of sediment in the investigated area was 7.7 ${\phi}$, which is very fine, and the contents of organic carbon($C_{org}$) was 2.4%, which is very high. For the phosphorous release experiment to select the optimal capping material, sand layer, powder-gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), granule-gypsum, complex layer(gypsum+sand) and the control were compared and evaluated in the 150 L reactor for 45 days. In case of the capping with the sand, it was found that the phosphorous from the sediment could be reduced by around 50%. However, it was found that this caused the reduction of the dissolved oxygen in the water column(by less than 3 mg/L) due to the resuspension of sediment and the organic matter decomposition that comes from the generation of $CH_4$ gas in the 1 cm of the sand layer. Therefore, it is likely that the sand layer has to be thickener in case of the sand capping. Powder-gypsum and granule-Gypsum reduced phosphorous release by more than 80%. However, the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ in the water column increased, making it difficult to apply it to the drinking water protection zone. We developed Fe-Gypsum and $SiO_2$-gypsum materials to reduce the solubility of ${SO_4}^{2-}$. Powder-Gypsum creates the interception film that does not have any aperture on the sediment layer when it is combined with the water. However phosphorous release caused by the generation of $CH_4$ gas may happen at a time when the gypsum layer has the crack. Capping through the complex layer(granule-Gypsum+sand(1 cm)) found to be suitable for the drinking water protection zone because it was effective to prevent phosphorus release. Moreover, this leads to the lower solubility from the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ into the water column than the powder-Gypsum and granule-Gypsum. The addition of gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) into the sediment can reduce the progress of methanogensis because fast early diagenesis and sufficient supply of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ to the sediment, stimulate the SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria) highly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.67-72
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• 2004

Quality of fresh-cut tomato slices was compared during cold storage under various modified atmosphere packaging conditions. Chilling injury of slices in containers sealed with Film A was higher than with Film B; these films had oxygen transmission rates of 87.4 and 60.0 ml $h^{-1}\;m^{-2}\;atm^{-1}$ at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;99\%$ RH, respectively. While slices in containers with an initial atmospheric composition of air, $4\%\;CO_2+1\;or\;20\%\;O_2,\;8\%\;CO_2+1\;or\;20\%\;O_2,\;or\;12\%\;CO_2+20\%\;O_2$ showed fungal growth, slices in containers with $12\%\;CO_2+1\%\;O_2$ did not. Low ethylene in containers enhanced chilling injury. Modified atmosphere packaging provided good quality tomato slices with a shelf-life of 2 weeks or more at $5^{\circ}C$. Experiments were conducted to compare changes in quality of slices of red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Sunbeam') fruit from plants grown using black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches under various foliar disease management systems including: no fungicide applications (NF), a disease forecasting model (Tom-Cast), and weekly fungicide applications (WF), during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ under a modified atmosphere. Slices were analyzed for firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH, electrolyte leakage, fungi, yeasts, and chilling injury. With both NF and Tom-Cast fungicide treatments, slices from tomato fruit grown with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) mulch were firmer than those from tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene mulch after 12 days storage. Ethylene production of slices from fruit grown using hairy vetch mulch under Tom-Cast was about 1.5- and 5-fold higher than that of slices from WF and NF fungicide treatments after 12 days, respectively. The percentage of water-soaked areas (chilling injury) for slices from tomato fruit grown using black polyethylene mulch under NF was over 7-fold that of slices from tomato fruit grown using hairy vetch under Tom-Cast. When stored at $20^{\circ}C$, slices from light-red tomato fruit grown with black polyethylene or hairy vetch mulches both showed a rapid increase in electrolyte leakage beginning 6 hours after slicing. However, slices from tomato fruit grown using the hairy vetch mulch tended to have lower electrolyte leakage than those grown with black polyethylene mulch. These results suggest that tomato fruit from plants grown using hairy vetch mulch may be more suitable for fresh-cut slices than those grown using black polyethylene mulch. Also, use of the disease forecasting model Tom-Cast, which can result in lower fungicide application than is currently used commercially, resulted in high quality fruit for fresh-cut processing. Experiments were conducted to determine if ethylene influences chilling injury, as measured by percentage of slices exhibiting water-soaked areas in fresh-cut tomato slices of 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Ethylene concentration in containers without ventilation significantly increased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$, whereas little or no accumulation of ethylene occurred in containers with one or six perforations. Chilling injury was greatest for slices in containers with six perforations, compared to slices in containers with one perforation, and was over 13-fold greater than that of slices in control containers with no perforations. An experiment was also performed to investigate the effectiveness of including an ethylene absorbent pad in containers on subsequent ethylene accumulation and chilling injury. While ethylene in the no-pad controls increased continually during storage of both 'Mountain Pride' and 'Sunbeam' tomatoes at $5^{\circ}C$ under modified atmosphere conditions, no increase in accumulation of ethylene was observed in containers containing ethylene absorbent pads throughout storage. The ethylene absorbent pad treatment resulted in a significantly higher percentage of chilling injury compared with the no-pad control. In studies aimed at inhibiting ethylene production using AVG during storage of slices, the concentration of ethylene in control containers (no AVG) remained at elevated levels throughout storage, compared to containers with slices treated with AVG. Chilling injury in slices treated with AVG was 5-fold greater than that of controls. Further, we tested the effect of ethylene pretreatment of slices on subsequent slice shelf-life and quality. In slices treated with ethylene (0, 0.1, 1, or $10\;{mu}L\;L^{-1}$) immediately after slicing, ethylene production in non-treated controls was greater than that of all other ethylene pre-treatments. However, pretreatment of slices 3 days after slicing resulted in a different pattern of ethylene production during storage. Ihe rate of ethylene production by slices treated with 1 L $L^{-1}$ ethylene 3 days after slicing was greater during storage than any of the other ethylene treatments. With slices pre-treated with ethylene, both immediately and 3 days after slicing, the rate of ethylene production tended to show an negative correlation with chilling injury. Chemical name used: 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.291-296
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the storability of 6 chicory cultivars for producing chicon; 'Vintor', 'Focus', 'Metafora', 'Kibora', 'Nobus', and 'Redoria Red' grown in 2 regions: Chuncheon (plain region) and Pyeongchang (high land region). Chicons were produced from chicory roots that grown for 120days and then stored for over 120days at $2^{\circ}C$ and 90% of RH conditions. To produce chicon, chicory root was forced at $18^{\circ}C$ for 22days with suppling the nutrient solution ($KNO_30.54g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $Ca(NO_3)_2\;1.02g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $MgSO_4\;0.36g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $KH_2PO_4\;0.21g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $K_2SO_4\;0.10g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, pH 7.0). Chicons produced from 6 different chicory cultivars packed with $25{\mu}m$ ceramic film and stored for 25days at $8^{\circ}C$. The fresh weight of chicon in MAP was maintained to 99.5% of pre-storage weight. The fresh weight of 'Redoria Red' was lowest in all cultivars, and that of Chuncheon region cultivated treatment was lower than Pyeongchang treatment. The $CO_2$ and $O_2$ concentration in chicon MAP were 2% and $10{\sim}17%$. There were not significantly different among cultivars and between regions, although 'Redoria Red' cultivar showed highest $CO_2$ and lowest $O_2$ concentrations. The ethylene concentration in chicon MAP was $1.0{\mu}{\iota}{\cdot}{\iota}^{-1}$ and also didn't show any significant difference among all treatments. Chicon detoriorated visual quality with appearing russet spotting that result from ethylene gas. The visual quality of 'Redoria Red' cultivar decreased faster than the other cultivars. 'Metafora', 'Focus', and 'Kibora' maintained higher firmness of their leaf than the others, and the firmness was higher grown in Pyeongchang region cultivated treatments than in Chuncheon region.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2011

In this study, the antioxidative activity, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase, and active components of Quercus salicina Blume extracts were investigated. Q. salicina Blume was extracted using 50 % ethanol, from which ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions were prepared. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of Q. salicina Blume aglycone fraction was the highest ($8.25\;{\mu}g$/mL). The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of Q. salicina Blume aglycone fraction on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system was the most prominent at $0.039\;{\mu}g$/mL. The protective effects of extract/fractions of Q. salicina Blume against the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were increased in a concentration dependent manner ($1{\sim} 25\;{\mu}g$/mL). Especially, ${\tau}_{50}$ of aglycone fraction in $10 \;{\mu}g$/mL concentration showed the most protective effect at 259.9 min. The inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$) on tyrosinase and elastase of Q. salicina Blume extracts were higher at aglycone fraction (respectively, $21.82 \;{\mu}g$/mL, $41.18\;{\mu}g$/mL). Active component analysis by TLC and HPLC showed quercetin, keampferol, catechin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, and etc. These results indicate that Q. salicina Blume extract has strong antioxidative activity and can be used as antioxidant. Particularly, aglycone fraction of Q. salicina Blume showed superior antioxdative activity and high inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and elastase. Therefore, aglycone fraction of Q. salicina Blume could be applicable to new functional cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.568-577
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts from Rumex crispus L. The concentration of R. crispus L. extract at which DPPH radical scavenging activity was inhibited by 50% was 2.15 mg/mL, which was lower than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (0.43 mg/mL), as compared to 100% by pyrogallol as a reference. Total antioxidant status was examined by total antioxidant capacity against ABTS radical reactions. Total antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.47 and 2.33 mM Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Superoxide scavenging activities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 21.5 and 78.9%, respectively, which were not significantly (p>0.05) different from those of catechin. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 20 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ were 62.5 and 156.4 ${\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents, respectively, which were lower than those of ascorbic acid. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were 0.28 and 1.88 mM Trolox equivalents, which were similar or significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, respectively. R. crispus L. extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radical and peroxyl radical. Total phenolic contents of R. crispus L. extract at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mg/mL were 0.58 and 3.85 mM gallic acid equivalents, respectively. R. crispus L. extract at concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL inhibited 0.2 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity by 38.5 and 63.5%, respectively, in HepG2 cell culture system. Thus, strong antioxidant and cytotoxicity-inhibiting effects of R. crispus L. extract seem to be due to, at least in part, the prevention from free radicals-induced oxidation as well as high levels in total phenolic contents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1381-1387
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• 1998

Laminated films were prepared by casting corn-zein and fatty acid mixed solutions onto ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ films, and the effect of various fatty acids with different concentrations on the film properties such as water vapor permeabilities (WVP), tensile strength (TS) and elongation was investigated. WVP of the film decreased as concentration of fatty acids increased, and the lowest WVP value $(0.497\;ng\;m/m^2\;s\;Pa)$ was achieved with laminated films containing 30% lauric acid/corn-zein. The TS of laminated edible film seemed to decrease as the concentration of fatty acids increased, and TS of the laminated film was the highest (36.21 MPa) when the film contained 10% oleic acid. Weight loss of the minced mackerels packaged with corn-zein/carrageenan film which did not contain fatty acid was 11.7%, but weight losses of the samples packaged with oleic acid and lauric acid were 6.97% and 0.81%, respectively, after 30 days storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The laminated films had an effect on preventing oxidation of the minced mackerels during storage because of high oxygen barrier property of the film. All of the minced mackerels packaged with the laminated films greatly reduced the peroxide value (POV) compared with unpackaged minced mackerels during storage. Also, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of the minced mackerels packaged with the laminated films were lower than that of unpackaged minced mackerels during storage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to estimate the antioxidant activities of 50%, 70%, and 100% ethanol extracts of Lycium barbarum leaf and chlorophyll removal extract. Methods: The antioxidant activities were estimated by measuring total polyphenol content and by assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA fragmentation, and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities of the extracts were measured in hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-stressed HepG2 cells. Results: The total polyphenol content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and FRAP value of the extracts increased in an ethanol concentration-dependent manner. The antioxidant activities of the chlorophyll-removal extracts were much higher than those of the chlorophyll-containing extracts. Cytotoxicity was not observed in HepG2 cells with extracts up to $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. All extracts inhibited ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner from $31.3{\mu}g/mL$ and inhibited DNA damage at $250{\mu}g/mL$. The SOD and catalase activities of cell lines treated with the extracts and $H_2O_2$ were similar to those of normal cells, indicating a strong protective effect. Conclusion: Lycium barbarum leaf extracts had high antioxidant activities and protected $H_2O_2$-stressed HepG2 cells. Since the chlorophyll-removal extract exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the chlorophyll-containing ones and the cytoprotective effect was similar, chlorophyll removal extract of Lycium barbarum leaf could be developed as ingredients of functional food and cosmetics.