• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2004

In terms of women engaged in clerical job. working time of the workers who mainly keep standing with their high-heeled shoes on has been increasing. According]y. they are exposed to many kinds of foot deformation caused by loads of lower back and lower extremities due to high-heeled shoes. The type of heels they usually wear are diverse though the hight is same. In this study. we investigated most women's favorite styles of shoes concerned with heights. types and contact areas of the heels. Hence. we designed three kinds of shoes for an experiment: their contact areas with ground are 1 cm2. 2-4 cm2 and over 9 cm2 according to the heel heights. respectively. To investigate the biomechanical effects. analysis of motion and EMG were applied to the experiments. In addition. foot pressure distribution was measured for more detailed analysis. Six healthy young women were participated in this experiments. The result showed the heel becoming higher and narrower increased not only fluctuation of CBM(Center of Body Mass). but also the load of low back muscle and lower extremities. Accordingly. there was significant difference among types of the heel in terms of the role supporting load of the body. though the height is same. Especially. the difference among the pressures on a foot was most significant. In conclusion. we verified biomechanical effects are related with the contact area of a heel with ground as well as the hight.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.615-627
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• 2017

본 연구는 하이힐을 착용하고 생활하는 여자대학생을 대상으로 자가 발반사 마사지를 수행하여 신체 및 심리사회적 효과를 파악하고자 시행된 비동등성 대조군 유사 실험연구이다. 대상자는 68명이 참가하였으며 자가 발반사 마사지를 실시한 실험군 35명과 실시하지 않은 대조군 33명으로 하였다. 자료 수집은 사전, 중재 후 6주, 10주에 이루어졌다. 수집된 자료는 SPSSWIN 20.0 program을 이용하여 서술통계, chi-square test, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA로 분석하였다. 자가 발반사 마사지를 실시한 실험군은 실시하지 않은 대조군에 비해 하지부종(종아리 둘레와 발목 둘레)의 감소와 피로도 감소에 효과가 있었다. 또한 자가 발반사마사지를 실시한 실험군은 실시하지 않은 대조군에 비해 건강증진행위는 변화가 없었으나, 지각된 건강상태와 자기효능감이 향상되어 효과가 있었다. 자가 발반사 마사지는 하지부종과 피로도를 감소시키고, 지각된 건강상태와 자기효능감을 향상시키는데 효과가 있었다. 따라서 자가 발반사 마사지는 하이힐을 착용하는 여자대학생을 대상으로 신체적 증상 완화와 심리사회적 안위에 효과적인 간호중재임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1986

This paper is concerned with the mutual relationship among interpressure, last. foot within a new shoe and foot within a fifty-hour-used shoe at the standing posture at three different heel-heights 1. The interrelationship between the heel-heights and interpressure is very significant at the level of $0.1\%$. The heel-heights cause high interpressure at different parts of foot; heel point and big toe point in a 3 cm-heel shoe, big toe point and heel outside joint point in a 5 cm-heel shoe, and little toe point, heel-outside joint point, and arch point in a 7 cm-heel shoe. 2. Foot girth and foot width measurements either within a new shoe or within a fifty-hour-used shoe significant at the level of $5\%,\;1\%,\;0.1\%$ and show discrepancies at three different heel heights; the part between instep and ball joint in a 3 cm-heel shoe, toe part in a 5 cm-heel shoe, heel-inside joint. heel-outside joint and toe part in a 7 cm-heel shoe are highly influenced by heel heights. The higher the shoe-hee15 are, the more heavily the fore part of foot is pressured in lateral direction because shoe is made to have high instep from a fashion viewpoint. Higher shoe heels prevent weight pressure from being concentrated on heel. If shoe heels are toe high, people in such shoes feel easily tired. It is very worthy of note in selecting shoes to consider not only the shoe fashion but also fore shoe type, heel height, and shoe material with proper elasticity.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.117-130
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• 2018

As women wear shoes for a long time due to aesthetic elements and working environment, many women experience discomfort and deformation in their feet due to their shoes and the production of comfortable shoes is becoming an important issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the grip of shoes by foot type, shoe design, and wearing attitude of shoes. Through this, we suggest solutions for foot discomfort due to wearing shoes and help to prevent foot related diseases. The study results are as follows; first, a wide foot, square-type, and high or low arch (hollow foot or flat foot) among foot shapes influenced the fatigue and pain of feet, and big feet over 250mm-long, wide feet, square-type feet, and high-arch feet (hollow foot) had an influence on distortion and side effects. Second, among the characteristics of wearing shoes influencing foot discomfort, the higher the shoe heels were, the narrower the surface covering the feet was (pumps and mule), and the shoes with high front heels and narrow back heel area, the shoe wearer had a higher possibility of experiencing fatigue and pain and even had not only fatigue and pain but also side effects when she wore pointed shoes. Third, a shoe wearer experiences fatigue and pain if she wears shoes for a shorter period of time, stay stood while wearing shoes for a short time, and wears shoes that are bigger or smaller than the actual shoe size. Fourth, fatigue and pain experiencers and distortion and side effects experiencers all responded that they change into other shoes to deal with foot discomfort and that they directly massage their feet.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.779-794
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• 2021

In this study, the sales status of female ball-jointed dolls and their parts were investi- gated and analyzed. Baseline data from 194 products and 54 brands on domestic and international Internet sites was gathered for the manufacture of ball-jointed dolls and the development of prototype costumes for them. The results are as follows. First, the sizes used for ball-jointed dolls are SD, USD, MSD, 13SD, and 70SD together with height. This study analyzed 39 sizes (15~70cm) by classifying them into numbered groups: 1 (15~22cm), 2 (23~33cm), 3 (35~51cm), 4 (53~62cm), and 5 (63~70cm). The price varied depending on the size; for example, 50cm dolls were approximately 45,000 won, while limited editions were sold at high prices, regardless of their size. They were classified into designs according to their body proportions and facial features as follows: 7- or 8-head-figure, 5-head figure, and 3-head figure, and were presented proportionally as images of women, adolescents, and infants. Second, the head was incised so that the top could be removed horizontally or the facial region vertically, allowing attachment of the eyeballs (which were either glass, resin, or acrylic) to the inside. More than 30 different colors were sold. Various wig styles were provided, including cut, short hair, and perm. These were made from human hair, heat-resistant fiber, and artificial hair. For the hands, there was a design expressing human hand gestures. For the feet, heels were in the form of wearing either high-heels or flat soles.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.195-199
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• 2015

Materials of choice for offshore structures and the marine industry have been increasingly favoring materials that offer high strength-to-weight ratios. One of the most promising families of light-weight materials is titanium alloys, but these do have two potential Achilles' heels: (i) the passive film may not form or may be unstable in low oxygen environments, leading to rapid corrosion; and (ii) titanium is a strong hydride former, making it vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement (cracking) at high temperatures in low oxygen environments. Unfortunately, such environments exist at deep sea well-heads; temperatures can exceed $120^{\circ}C$, and oxygen levels can drop below 1 ppm. The present study demonstrates the results of investigations into the corrosion behavior of a range of titanium alloys, including newly developed alloys containing rare earth additions for refined microstructure and added strength, in artificial seawater over the temperature range of $25^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$. Tests include potentiodynamic polarization, crevice corrosion, and U-bend stress corrosion cracking.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different plates($0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ$}, $20^{\circ}$)under heels on the lower limb muscles and erector spinae during squat exercise. Ten high school korean traditional wrestling players(age: $18.5{\pm}0.7$, weight: $1972.2{\pm}128.5N$, height: $177.8{\pm}6.0cm$, weight of barbell: $1004.5{\pm}132.4N$) performed squat exercise using three different tilting plates under heels at a cadence of 40beats/sec with 80% one repetition maximum load. Surface electrodes were placed on the participants' left and right erector spinae, and rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and lateral gastrocnemius in the right lower extremity. One S-VHS camcorder(Panasonic AG456, 60fields/s) was placed 10m to the side of the participant. To synchronize the video and EMG data, a synchronization unit was used for this study. Average and Peak IEMG values were determined for each participant. For each variable, a one-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were significant differences among three different tilting plates under heels. When a significant difference was found in plates type, post hoc analyses were performed using the Tukey procedure. A confidence level of p<.05 was used to determine statistical significance. As a result of this study, maximum nEMG values of the tibialis anterior in $0^{\circ}$ plates was significantly higher than the corresponding values for the other plates during the knee extension. This increased activation in the tibialis anterior muscle indicates an increase in displacement of center of gravity of body. It is very likely that additional muscle activation are needed to stop the forward and backward movement. The results also showed that muscular activities of quadriceps femoris and erector spinae were decreased with increasing angle of plates. This suggests that increasing angle of plate may help to sustain the balance and posture of squat exercise. It is considered that very few significant differences were found among three different plates($0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$) since elite players with much experience in squat exercise, were chosen as a participant of this study. In order to obtain meaningful results regarding the tilting angle of heel plates in squat exercise, kinetic and 3D kinematic analysis will be needed in the future study.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2012

본 연구의 목표는 신발 굽 높이에 따른 Kager씨 삼각 면적의 방사선영상 변화와 후종족부의 표면온도 변화를 알아보고자 연구하였다. 카이거씨 면적은 단순 방사선촬영검사와 인피니티 영상저장전송시스템을 이용하여 측정 하였다. 후종족부의 표면온도는 전산화적외선체열검사를 이용하여 측정하였다. 운동화 착용 대상자에게 신발 굽 높이가 다른 하이힐을 착용시켜 카이거씨 삼각 면적과 후종족부의 표면온도 차이를 분석 하였다. 하이힐 대상자들은 운동화 대상자들에 비하여 카이거씨 삼각 면적이 $0.88cm^2$, 후종족부의 표면온도가 $1.4^{\circ}C$ 각각 감소하였다. 최고신장과 최저신장의 카이거씨 면적과 표면온도의 차이는 운동화와 하이힐에서 각각 $0.9cm^2$, $1.2cm^2$, $1.6^{\circ}C$, $0.5^{\circ}C$이며 모두 미세한 차이를 나타냈다. 최고체중과 최저체중의 카이거씨 면적과 표면온도의 차이는 운동화와 하이힐에서 각각 $1.8cm^2$, $0.8cm^2$, $1.1^{\circ}C$, $0.2^{\circ}C$이며 체중이 높을수록 카이거씨 면적과 표면온도가 감소하였다. 하이힐 최장시간 착용자와 최저시간 착용자의 카이거씨 면적과 표면온도의 차이는 각각 $0.8cm^2$, $1.4^{\circ}C$, 이며 착용시간이 증가함에 따라 카이거씨 면적과 표면온도가 감소하였다. 결론적으로 하이힐을 장시간 착용하면 후종족부 통증과 혈류 장애를 유발 할 것으로 고려된다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.378-385
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to present basic data for development of shoe last suitable for women of plus size (BMI 25 kg/㎡ or higher) by type and to analyze the characteristics of each type of foot type. The results of the study are as follows. A comparison of the feet of a plus-size woman and a normal-weight woman showed that the feet of a plussize woman were thicker and wider in the toes, cheeks and feet than those of a normal-weight woman, while the ankle area was thicker. As a result of the cluster analysis by type of foot type of plus-size woman, type 1 was classified into four types, type 1 was 49 (19.5%), type 2 was 43 (17.1%), type 3 was 53 (21.1%), and type 4 was distributed among 106 (42.2%). Type 1 appeared to be a long, low heel, thick foot and wide H-type, and Type 2 appeared to be a D-type with a low heel and a thinner and narrow foot compared to other types, but with wide outer width of the foot. Type 3 showed short feet, low heels, narrow feet, but slanted sides, and Type 4 showed type A with long feet, high heels, thick and wide feet or a combination of toes.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.82-96
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• 2003

Namakshin(: Wooden clogs), also called keukja, moklee, or mokhye usually have high heels to be worn on rainy days. According to the "Hamel's Journal and a description of the Kingdom of Korea, 1653-1666", a book authored by Hendrick Hamel (1630-1692), the 33 crew members of the S/S Sperwer were interned in March 1656 under the jurisdiction of the "Pyongsa" (Commandant) in Pyongyong, Kangjin and they were instrumental in making clogs of their native country and sold them to people around the Pyongyong area to earn some extra money. Pyongyong & Gangjin's wooden shoes are clearly different from those produced in the rest of Korea and bear striking resemblance to traditional Dutch clogs (klompen in Dutch). According to Hamel's narratives, the Dutch captives made wooden shoes for a living in Jeonlla province. Namakshin in Chosun was divided into 5 type, woman's rubber shoes, Condora, Taesahye, Balmaksin, trough style.