• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1981

A study was conducted to determine whether the vaccination programs for the control of New castle disease (ND) would affect the immune status of birds against the disease. Twenty-six poultry flocks in the epizootic area of ND were surveyed to investigate the level of urn antibody against ND virus and the programs used for the vaccination of birds. The mortality rates and vaccination status of birds during the epizootic of ND were also examined in the infected poultry flocks to elucidate the immune effect against the epizootic with particular regard to various vaccination programs used in the field. The results obtained are summerized as follows: 1. Of 26 poultry flocks investigated, 22 flocks were immunized with live and killed vaccines, their haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer being 146 and 50, respectively. Among 22 farms using live and killed vaccines two flocks which showed the lowest HI titer of 10 and 23 had the disease later on. However, no cases of ND were recorded in the killed vaccine groups, although their HI titers were in the range of 38 to 64. 2. Of 14 infected flecks, one flock was not vaccmated against ND while all the remaining 13 flocks were vaccinated against the disease, of which 8 flocks were vaccinated with live vaccine only and the other 5 flocks with both live and killed vaccines. The mortality rate of 8 infected flocks which had been vaccinated with only live vaccine was as high as 32.5% while that of 5 flocks with both live and killed vaccines was as low as 5.1%. 3. It was found that in majority of flocks B$_1$vaccine was used via drinking water and in a few flocks the vaccine was administered via intramuscular route or method of dipping mouth, nose and eye of birds into vaccine solution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1611-1617
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine the effects of pills made of mulberry leaves and silkworm powder on lowering blood glucose level. Experimental animals were Sprague-Dawley male rat weighing 100$\pm$10 g and pills were supplemented with 0.4% (4 g/kg) diet. Experimental groups were assigned to diabetic group (DM group) and pill supplemented groups. Pill supplemented groups were classified 100% mulberry leaves (M group), mixing 25% silkworm powder to mulberry leaves (25SM group), mixing 50% silkworm powder to mulberry leaves (50SM group), mixing 70% silkworm powder to mulberry leaves (75SM group) and 100% silkworm powder (100S group). Experimental diets and water fed ad libitum, and streptozotocin was injected to induce diabetic state after 3rd weeks and sacrificed on the 9th day. The contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin(DNJ) were increased with adding the silkworm powder. The contents of GABA and rutin were increased with adding the mulberry leaves. In vitro, intestinal mucosa $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activities were significantly increased in pills which mixed with silkworm powder by 50%. Blood glucose levels were high in groups which mixed with silkworm powder by 50% compared to DM group. Intestinal mucosa maltase activity in proximal part was significantly reduced in pill supplemented group compared to DM group and pill supplemented groups were no significant difference. Enzyme activity in middle part was no significant difference in experimental groups. Enzyme activity in distal part was decreased in pill supplemented groups, especially in 50SM, 75SM and 100S groups were significantly reduced compared to DM group. Sucrase and lactase activities in pill supplemented groups were significantly reduced at proximal part, and there was no significant difference in middle and distal parts. In conclusion, pills made of mulberry leaves and silkworm powder increased the $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro and reduced the blood glucose levels by controlling the disaccharidase activities of intestinal proximal part in STZ-induced diabetic rat. The synergistic effect was the highest when mulberry leaves was mixed with silkworm powder by the ratio of 50 : 50.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.467-482
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• 2010

In this study, characteristics of various stability indexes (SI) and environmental parameters (EP) for the lightning are analysed by using 5 upper air observatories (Osan, Gwangju, Jeju, Pohang, and Baengnyeongdo) for the years 2002-2006 over South Korea. The analysed SI and EP are the lifted index, K-index, Showalter stability index, total precipitable water, mixing ratio, wind shear and temperature of lifting condensation level. The lightning data occurred on the range of -2 hr~+1 hr and within 100 km based on the launch time of rawinsonde and observing location are selected. In general, summer averaged temperature and mixing ratio of lower troposphere for the lightning cases are higher about 1 K and $1{\sim}2gkg^{-1}$ than no lightning cases, respectively. The Box-Whisker plot shows that the range of various SI and EP values for lightning and no lightning cases are well separated but overlapping of SI and EP values between lightning and no lightning are not a little. The optimized threshold values for the detection of lightning are determined objectively based on the highest Heidke skill socre (HSS), which is the most favorable validation parameter for the rare event, such as lightning, by using the simulation of SI and EP threshold values. Although the HSS is not high (0.15~0.30) and the number and values of selected SI and EP are dependent on geographic location, the new threshold values can be used as a supplementary tool for the detection or forecast of lightning over South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.403-407
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• 2018

Currently, the highest cancer death rate in Korea is lung cancer, which is a typical cancer that is difficult to detect early. Low-dose chest CT is being used for early detection, which has a greater lung cancer diagnosis rate of about three times than regular chest x-ray images. However, low-dose chest CT not only significantly reduces image resolution but also has a weak signal and is sensitive to noise. Also, air filled lungs are low-density organs and the presence of noise can significantly affect early diagnosis of cancer. This study used Visual C++ to set a circle inside a large circle with a density of 2.0, with a density of 1.0, which is the density of water, in which five small circle of mathematics have different densities. Gaussian noise was generated by 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% respectively to determine the effect of noise on the mean value, the standard deviation value, and the relative noise ratio(SNR). In areas where the density difference between the large and small circles was greatest in the event of 1 % noise, the SNR in the area with the greatest variation in noise was 4.669, and in areas with the lowest density difference, the SNR was 1.183. In addition, the SNR values can be seen to be high if the same results are obtained for both positive and negative densities. Quality was also clearly visible when the density difference was large, and if the noise level was increased, the SNR was reduced to significantly affect the noise. Low-density organs or organs in areas of similar density to cancers, will have significant noise effects, and the effects of density differences on the probability of noise will affect diagnosis.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2009

Appenzeller cheese samples were prepared by addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% green tea (Camellia sinensis, CS) powder and control cheese. We examined various quality characteristics of the novel cheese, such as viable-cell counts, pH, water-soluble nitrogen (WSN), non-casein nitrogen (NCN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), and catechin level during maturation for 16 weeks at $14^{\circ}C$. To develop a Korean natural cheese containing green tea powder, we also analyzed the changes in the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern, chemical composition, and sensory qualities. The viable cell counts of the samples were not significantly different. Until the $3^{rd}$ week, the pH of the CS cheese decreased with an increase in the maturation time. However, the pH gradually increased by the $12^{th}$ week, while WSN, NCN, NPN also increased. The WSN, NCN, NPN, and catechin values for the CS cheese samples were significantly higher than the values for the control cheese. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of caseins for the CS cheese indicated that this cheese degraded more rapidly than the control cheese did. In the sensory evaluation, cheese with 1.0% CS powder showed the highest scores in taste and appearance and good scores in flavor and texture. These results indicate that 1.0% CS is the optimal value for addition to cheese, and cheese containing 1.0% CS shows good physiological properties and reasonably high overall sensory acceptability.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.531-549
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of hydrochemistry, geology, fault with occurrence of uranium and radon-222 from the groundwater in the Yeongdong area. In this study, 49 groundwater and 4 surface water samples collected in the study area were collected on two separate occasions. The surface radioactivities were measured at 40 points to know the relationship between the occurrence of uranium in groundwater and surface geology. The chemical composition of groundwater showed three types : $Ca-HCO_3$, $Na-HCO_3$ and $Ca-HCO_3(SO_4,\;NO_3)$. Two groundwater of 49 samples exceeded the maximum contaminant levels of uranium, $30{\mu}g/L$, proposed by the Ministry of Environment of Korea and 11 groundwater of 40 samples for Rn-222 concentrations exceeded the 148 Bq/L maximum contaminant level of US EPA. Most of unsuitable groundwater are located in the geological boundary related with the biotite gneiss and the surface radioactivities of rock samples showed no relationship with groundwater geochemical constituents. The strike-slip fault, Youngdong fault, is $N45^{\circ}E$ direction and the high concentrations of uranium in upper part of fault, consisted of granite and granitic gneiss are detected but in lower part, consisted of metamorphic sedimentary rock are not detected. It suggests that the natural radioactive concentrations are related with the geologic characteristics and the migration and diffusion of natural radioactive materials are affected by the fault.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.281-290
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• 2018

In order to understand the long-term behavior of radionuclides in granite environments, geochemical behavior characteristics of uranium in granitic host rock of KURT (KAERI Underground Research Tunnel) were investigated by dissolution experiment with different reaction time and solutions. In the dissolution experiment, significantly increased dissolution levels of uranium from granite powder samples were identified during the reaction time of 0~10 days for reaction solutions ($UD-CO_3$ and UD-Bg) containing a large amount of $CO_3{^{2-}}$. On the other hand, significantly increased dissolution levels of uranium were also identified for reaction solutions containing Na and Ca after 60 days. Dissolution of uranium continuously increased in reaction solutions of $UD-CO_3$ ($44.61{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), UD-Bg ($41.01{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), UD-Na ($26.87{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), UD-Ca ($20.26{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), UD-CaSi ($17.03{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and UD-Si ($10.47{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$) in the experimental period of ~270 days. However, after day 270, dissolution of uranium showed a decreasing tendency. This is thought to have occurred because existing uranium in granite samples reached the limit of dissolution by interaction with reaction solutions. Concentrations of dissolved uranium and points of maximum concentration value were found to differ depending on the $CO_3{^{2-}}$ presence in the mixed reaction solution and on the geochemical type of the water. It is estimated that differences in the reaction rate between the granite sample and the reaction solution are due to the influence of dissolved ions in the reaction solution.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2007

The severe damage of cultural heritages induced by natural hazards like heavy rain has been dramatically increased since 1990. The number of the repair works of stone heritage of 2005 was six times as many as those of 1986 year. Especially the ratio of the repair works of Gyeongsang Province and Jeolla Province stood 63% of those of all over the country. Since 1990, the typhoons usually struck the southern part of Korea and went northward. The heavy damage of stone heritages in two provinces was caused by them. We made a preliminary survey the stone heritages that exposed to the natural hazards on the basis of repair works of them and a field survey. The analysis results indicate that the natural hazards such as landslide and soil disaster of the stone heritages related to a sloping surface stood 58% of all kind of natural hazards. The reasons are caused by the 59 % of all the stone heritages distributed in a sloping surface resulted in natural hazards like landslide and soil disaster. The bases of stone heritages can be easily eroded by the surface water with high energy induced by heavy rainfall. Most of the stone heritages like Maebul were engraved on a natural rock wall(outcrop). But some of them engraved on rolling stones are very vulnerable in a change of a base condition caused by erosion and ground subsidence and they can be tilted or fell down. The distribution of the stone heritages vulnerable in natural hazard is related to that of the rainfall distribution compounded five typhoons after 1990. Most of them are included in level two on the rainfall distribution map except those of Taean peninsula and some of Gyeonggi Province. They seem to be rather related to the rainfall distribution of the Typhoon Olga.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2018

The fungus gnat, Bradysia difformis, has been recognized as an important pest of greenhouse crops. There is a need for research on the control of the fungus gnat. However, it is difficult to obtain many generations of the fungus gnat for several kinds of research. Indoor propagation is a very useful method for obtaining enough individuals in cases where the need is for larvae in soil. This study was conducted to determine the optimum growing media and temperature conditions for rearing the fungus gnat in the laboratory. Under experimental temperature conditions, hatching, pupation, and eclosion rates were the highest at $20^{\circ}C$. The developmental period of the fungus gnat was shortened with higher temperatures. The greatest number of eggs was an average of 144 at $20^{\circ}C$. Using different types of larvae growth media, the highest hatching rates were 84.7 and 84.4% in water agar and potato disks, respectively. The larval period was the shortest, at 14.7 days, when grown on potato disks. The highest pupation and eclosion rates were 85.2 and 82.6% on potato disks, respectively. The highest number of eggs was an average of 125.6 on potato disks. Regarding the effects of different growth media on the eclosion rate of B. difformis, the highest eclosion rate was 88.4% on the soil mix, and was 50% on oatmeal, 25% on shredded potato. The results of four different inoculation levels of larvae on eclosion rate of B. difformis showed that the highest eclosion rate was 84.7% for 1,000 larvae. The eclosion rate was shortened with a higher number of larvae inoculated/cage. In the growth medium used, 3,000 eggs were better for the initial level of inoculation, showing a relatively high emergence rate and short developmental period. Mass rearing procedures were explained in detail.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1190-1199
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of exercise training and oak tree wood vinegar ingestion on the blood lipids and antioxidant activities of rats. The subjects were 28 Sprague Dawley male rats, and they were assigned into four groups (n=7, respectively): the control group (CON), the exercise group (EXE), the vinegar ingestion group (VIN), and the vinegar ingestion and exercise training group (VINEXE). The diet was based on high fat and oral administration of oak tree wood vinegar. The rats that were not given oak tree wood vinegar were given the same amount of distilled water orally in order to maintain the same level of stress. They were exercise trained on motor-driven treadmills during a four-week session. Weight changes in the VINEXE were significantly inhibited in the later period of exercise, when compared to the CON (p<0.05). Fat increase was significantly suppressed in VIN and EXE (p<0.05), and a synergistic effect was discovered in the VINEXE (p<0.05). Glucose and ammonia levels were significantly reduced in the EXE, VIN, and VINEXE compared to the CON (p<0.05). In blood lipids, TC and LDL-C were significantly enhanced in the EXE, VIN, and VINEXE compared to the CON (p<0.05), while HDL-C was significantly improved in the EXE and VINEXE (p<0.05). Liver MDA contents showed significant changes in each group (p<0.05), and SOD activities were significantly enhanced in the VIN and the VINEXE when compared to other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, oak tree wood vinegar ingestion with exercise training for four weeks may result in inhibition of weight gain, improvement of blood lipids, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, contributing to health promotion.