• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.826-837
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• 2007

Gallstone composition has changed over the past decades in the Korean with a prominent increase in the prevalence of cholesterol gallstone. This trend is possibly due to the westernization of dietary habits. The purpose of this study was descriptive of GB patient's health related eating behaviors and nutrient consumption patterns. One hundred and six gallstone patients who have had cholecystitis surgery enrolled in this study. Anthropomertic indices, such as height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and calculated BMI and WHR. As the biomarker, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG level and SBP/DBP were measured and analyzed the relationship with GB stone formation. The structured checklist of health related eating behavior and the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire after pre-test was used in the face to face interview study. The mean age was $54.9{\pm}13.3$ and gallstone disease was more frequent in the fifties and sixties. Mean BMI was $24.3{\pm}2.8$ in males, and $23.4{\pm}3.9$ in females, the average of waist circumference was $91.1{\pm}7.0cm$ in males and females were $85.4{\pm}9.6cm$. The WHR of men and women was $0.93{\pm}0.0,\;0.90{\pm}0.1$, respectively. The obesity and overweight trend was observed in gallstone patients. The mean blood sugar was researched at $114.5{\pm}35.0mg/dL$. And the ratio of both symptoms DM and gallstone was 26.4%. The rate of dramatic eating repast was significantly higher in the females (p<0.01). Males tended to more frequently consume meat, of high fat content meats and greasy food consumption when eating out. The CPF ratio was 57:16.5:26.5. There was a significant positive correlation between WC and energy (r=0.252, p<0.05), carbohydrate (r=0.255, p<0.05) and niacin (r=0.227, p<0.05). In addition, carbohydrate were significantly correlatied with TC (r=0.230, p<0.05). BMI appeared positive in correlation of protein (r=0.201, p<0.05) and fat (r=0.205, p<0.05). These findings provide a little association that dietary habits are related with cholesterol gallstone formation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1300-1307
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• 1999

Supercritical fluid extraction was applied to recycling triglyceride from used shortening. Used shortening and its fractions were analyzed with high performance size exclusion chromatography for their composition in triglycerides, polymer and low molecular weight compounds. Conjugated diene value and color of the fractions were also measured with a UV spectrophotometer and a colorimeter, respectively. Pressure and temperature ranges employed were $15{\sim}30$ MPa and $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Concentration of fat in supercritical (SC) $CO_2$ ranged from $0.3\;X\;10^{-3}{\sim}7.4\;X10^{-3}(g\;fat/g\;CO_2)$. An exponential relation between concentration of fat in SC $CO_2$ and density was observed. Color of the extracts was light yellow which was very close to that of the fresh shortening. Low molecular weight compounds were preferentially concentrated in the initial fraction, while polymer was extracted in the final fraction. Conjugated diene value of the initial fractions was clearly lower than that of feed. It increased sharply as the polymer content in the fraction became significantly large.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2015

A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) chelate and forage level over two years, $1^{st}$ fattening and $2^{nd}$ fattening period on growth parameters, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites of 46 Korean native (Hanwoo, Bos Taurus, $BW=183{\pm}44kg$) steers. Treatments were: 1) Steers in the low forage (LF) group were fed diets that consisted of 60% concentrate and 40% forage; 2) Steers in the high forage (HF) group were fed diets that consisted of 40% concentrate and 60% forage. Following the $1^{st}$ fattening period, steers ($BW=480{\pm}37.6kg$) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: LF (40 F plus no Cr-Met supplementation in the $2^{nd}$ fattening period), LFCM (40LF plus added 400 ppb of Cr-Met during the $2^{nd}$ fattening period), HF (60 F plus no added Cr-Met during the $2^{nd}$ fattening period) and HFCM (60 F plus added 400 ppb of Cr-Met in the $2^{nd}$ fattening period). Dry matter intake of the treatment diets did not differ during the raising and $1^{th}$ fattening period (P > 0.05). The ADG in the raising period showed no difference between the 40 F and 60 F groups (P > 0.05). Carcass characteristics including rib-eye area and meat yield index were higher in HF than the other treatment groups (P < 0.05). The HF group tended to show a higher (P = 0.08) marbling score than the LF group whereas the HFCM group showed a higher marbling score than the LFCM group (P < 0.05). HDL was higher and LDL lower in groups fed with Cr-Met than in other groups whereas glucose showed the lowest value in HF group (P < 0.05). Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol, PUN and total protein (TP) were the same among all treatment groups (P > 0.05). The Insulin concentration in the blood was significantly higher for the HFCM group than for the LF, LFCM and HF groups (P < 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation of chromium-methionine chelate could improve meat quality in beef steers.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.826-835
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• 2018

The aim of the study was to investigate the influences of sodium fluoride on the body weight, lipid metabolism functional improvement, blood glucose level, protein component in the sera of rats which fed experimental diets for 5 weeks. Body weight gain of rats was higher in the NF25 group, NF30 group and NF50 group showed a significant difference from the basal diet group (BD group). The changes of the liver and the heart of each argan weights were observed compared to the BD group tends to appear lower in the oral NaF groups (p<0.05). Organ weight of each group of the others showed no significant difference (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose were lower in BD group than basal diet plus sodium fluoride groups. Conversely depending on the concentration of sodium fluoride for the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level, it showed lower results. Serum total protein was observed low showed a significant difference in the NF50 group, there was no significant difference in the other groups (p<0.05). globulin and albumin concentration levels also showed the lowest results in the NF50 group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.304-312
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between food intakes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The data were collected from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, subjects were divided into two groups, the normal fasting glucose (NFG) group (n = 7,738) and the T2DM group (n = 225). Dietary intake was derived from the nutrition survey, which was collected by trained dietitians using 24-hour dietary recall through the face-to-face interview method in the sample person's home. Results: After adjustment for confounding factors, mean fruit (p = 0.0265), fruit and vegetable without kimchi (p = 0.0295), and fish (p = 0.0112) intakes were significantly lower in the T2DM group than in the NFG group. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratio (OR) for risk of high systolic blood pressure (${\geq}140mmHg$) was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit intakes (OR; 0.657, 95% CI; 0.523~0.824). The OR for the risk of hypertriglyceridemia was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit and vegetable without kimchi (OR; 0.828, 95% CI; 0.7111~0.963) and fish (OR; 0.783, 95% CI; 0.673~0.910) intakes. Conclusion: These results show that intakes of fruits, fish, and fruits and vegetables without kimchi have beneficial effects on CVD in Korean women with T2DM.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.549-558
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on the blood lipids, leptin, ghrelin, and HOMA-IR factors in obese postmenopausal Korean women. Thirty-six healthy postmenopausal women (mean age, $54.47{\pm}2.50$ years) with >32 % body fat were assigned randomly to an aerobic exercise group (n = 18) or to a "no exercise" control group (n = 18). The subjects' body composition, blood lipid, leptin, ghrelin levels, and HOMA-IR were measured before and after a 16-week line-dancing program. The exercise group showed a significant decrease in body weight, percent body fat, body mass index, visceral fat area, leptin, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In addition, this group exhibited a significant increase in the apolipoprotein A-I, ghrelin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The energy metabolic factors that influenced the visceral fat included ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR. The t-value, which determined the statistical significance of the independent variables, was significant for ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). Regular and continuous aerobic exercise (e.g., line dancing) effectively improved the body composition, visceral fat, serum blood lipids, leptin, ghrelin, and HOMA-IR factors in obese postmenopausal Korean women.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2013

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2009

This research was conducted to evaluate pyrolysis characteristics of the sludge discharged from paper mill process with sintering temperature. The sludge was composed of 70.72% of moisture, 9.52% of volatile solids, and 19.76% of ash, respectively. The sludge contained high 66.40% of $Fe_2O_3$ and CaO(15.80%), $Al_2O_3$(9.42%), and $SO_3$(3.75%) components, and minor $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$, and $Cr_2O_3$ were also contained in it. The other components except $Fe_2O_3$ and $Cr_2O_3$ were slightly decreased with increase of sintering temperature. Specific surface area of the sludge before sintering was $130m^2/g$ and ones after sintering at $400^{\circ}C$ and $700^{\circ}C$ were $114m^2/g$ and $33m^2/g$ respectively. Specific surface area of sludge was decreased with increase of sintering temperature. From the result of TG-DTA, it was shown that weight of the sludge was decreased by moisture and organic loss until $600^{\circ}C$ and decreased by volatilization of metal components and additional combustion of carbon until $800^{\circ}C$.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: It is expected that dairy products such as cheeses, which are the main source of cholesterol and saturated fat, may lead to the development or increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; however, the results of different studies are inconsistent. This study was conducted to assess the association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Information from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) was used for this cross-sectional study with a total of 1,752 participants (782 men and 970 women). Weight, height, waist and hip circumference measurement, as well as fasting blood samples were gathered and biochemical assessments were done. To evaluate the dietary intakes of participants a validated food frequency questionnaire, consists of 49 items, was completed by expert technicians. Consumption of cheese was classified as less than 7 times per week and 7-14 times per week. RESULTS: Higher consumption of cheese was associated with higher C-Reactive Protein (CRP), apolipoprotein A and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level but not with fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B. Higher consumption of cheese was positively associated with consumption of liquid and solid oil, grain, pulses, fruit, vegetable, meat and dairy, and negatively associated with Global Dietary Index. After control for other potential confounders the association between cheese intake and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.81; 96%CI: 0.71-0.94), low HDL-C level (OR: 0.87; 96%CI: 0.79-0.96) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.88; 96%CI: 0.79-0.98) became negatively significant. CONCLUSION: This study found an inverse association between the frequency of cheese intake and cardiovascular risk factors; however, further prospective studies are required to confirm the present results and to illustrate its mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2008

Objectives : The treatment of alcohol dependence requires maintaining abstinence. However, some previous studies have suggested that the abstinence may increase the cardiovascular risk in patients with alcohol dependence. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of alcohol abstinence on lipid profile in Korean male patients with alcohol dependence. Methods : Twenty-eight male patients with alcohol dependence were recruited from a psychiatric unit located at Gangneung Dongin Hospital. Lipid profiles of the patients were compared before and after a month of alcohol abstinence. Results : After abstinence of 1 month, high-density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride(TG) level was significantly decreased(p=0.000; p=0.0086, respectively). Low-density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol level showed a tendency to increase(p=0.066). Total cholesterol level also showed a tendency to decrease(p=0.074). Conclusions : These results show that acute abstinence of alcohol might paradoxically aggravate dyslipidemia in patients with alcohol dependence. Thus, this study shows that more concern associated with cardiovascular risk is needed during short-term abstinence period.