• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.08a
• /
• pp.227-230
• /
• 2006

The method of mass flow rate measurement using a critical nozzle is well established in the flow satisfying ideal gas law. However, in the case of measuring high-pressure gas flow, the current method shows invalid discharge coefficient because the flow does not follow ideal gas law. Therefore an appropriate equation of state considering real gas effects should be applied into the method. The present computational study has been performed to give an understanding of the physics of a critical nozzle flow for high-pressure hydrogen gas and find a way for the exact mass flow prediction. The two-dimensional, axisymmetric, compressible Navier-Stokes equations are computed using a fully implicit finite volume method. The real gas effects are considered in the calculation of discharge coefficient as well as in the computation. The computational results are compared with the previous experimental data and predict well the measured mass flow rates. It has been found that the discharge coefficient for high-pressure hydrogen gas can be corrected properly adopting the real gas effects.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.5-10
• /
• 2016

Gas flow measurement in a closed duct was performed using multi-point Pitot tubes. Measurement uncertainty was assessed for this measurement method. The method was applied for the measurement of air flow into a gas turbine engine in an altitude engine test facility. 46 Pitot tubes, 15 total temperature Kiel probes and 9 static pressure tabs were installed in the engine inlet duct of inner diameter of 264 mm. Five tests were done in an airflow range of 2~10 kg/s. The flow was compressible and the Reynolds numbers were between 450,000 and 2,220,000. The measurement uncertainty was the highest as 6.1% for the lowest flow rate, and lowest as 0.8% for the highest flow rate. This is because the difference between the total and static pressures, which is also related to the flow velocity, becomes almost zero for low flow rate cases. It was found that this measurement method can be used only when the flow velocity is relatively high, e.g., 50 m/s. Static pressure was the most influencing parameter on the flow rate measurement uncertainty. Temperature measurement uncertainty was not very important. Measurement of boundary layer was found to be important for this type of flow rate measurement method. But measurement of flow non-uniformity was not very important provided that the non-uniformity has random behavior in the duct.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.20 no.12
• /
• pp.4027-4035
• /
• 1996

Accuracy of gas flow measurements using sonic nozzle and factors which influence on the discharge coefficients of sonic nozzle are investigated with high pressure gas flow standard measurement system. The gas flow measurement system comprises two compressors, storage tank, temperature control loop, sonic nozzle test section, weighing tank, gyroscopic scale and data acquisition system. The experiments are performed at various nozzle throat diameter and inlet pressure. Overall uncertainty of discharge coefficients is estimated to less than .+-.0.2% and most of experimental data fall into this range. Dependence of discharge coefficients on the Reynolds number is good agreement with those suggested in ISO document. The influence of swirl on the discharge coefficients becomes greater as the nozzle throat diameter is enlarged. The discharge coefficient of conical nozzle shows about 4.5% lower discharge coefficients than those of toroidal nozzle, but variation trend with Reynolds number is very similar each other and reproducibility of data is very good.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.42-47
• /
• 2011

Measurement uncertainty analysis of fuel flow using turbine flowmeter was performed for the case of altitude engine test. SAE ARP4990 was used as the fuel flow calculation procedure, as well as the mathematical model for the measurement uncertainty assessment. The assessment was performed using Sensitivity Coefficient Method. 11 parameters involved in the calculation of the flow rate were considered. For the given equipment setup, the measurement uncertainty of fuel flow was assessed in the range of 1.19~1.86 % for high flow rate case, and 1.47~3.31 % for low flow rate case. Fluctuation in frequency signal from the flowmeter had the largest influence on the fuel flow measurement uncertainty for most cases. Fuel temperature measurement had the largest for the case of low temperature and low flow rate. Calibration of K-factor and the interpolation of the calibration data also had large influence, especially for the case of very low temperature. Reference temperature, at which the reference viscosity of the sample fuel was measured, had relatively small contribution, but it became larger when the operating fuel temperature was far from reference temperature. Measurement of reference density had small contribution on the flow rate uncertainty. Fuel pressure and atmospheric pressure measurement had virtually no contribution on the flow rate uncertainty.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.911-917
• /
• 1999

The sonic nozzle is widely used as reference device for calibrating flowmeters In gas flow measurement and its use requires the Critical Flow Factor(CFF) based on the thermodynamic properties of the gas at the nozzle throat. ISO-9300 provides the calculating method of the factor. But since the CFF from this method show an error over ${\pm}0.5%$ In specific conditions and of ${\pm}0.1{\sim}{\pm}0.2%$ in common Natural Gas(NG) custody transfer condition. this method cannot be applied for gas flow measurement with sonic nozzle. Each research bodies or organizations of the world have joined in order to calculate the CFF more accurately. They have performed these works using their own method and compared the results with each other under the management of ISO. KOGAS have joined those works, because the high-pressure natural gas flow calibration facility of KOGAS will be constructed in late 1999, and then had necessities to calculate a CFF accurately. The calculation method of KOGAS was using the equation of state from AGA-8('94), high accuracy model of ideal gas properties and the solutions of thermodynamic equations. The evaluation results have had a very good consistency within ${\pm}0.05%$ in most NO custody transfer conditions compared to the speed of sound for methane and also shown that the CFF was within ${\pm}0.1%$ compared to the results of other works of the world.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2010

The goal of paper is to investigate the flow and scalar distribution through the HP Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV) passage. Flow and scalar distribution measurement are conducted by using 5-hole pressure probe and $CO_2$ tracing technique, respectively. Three different experimental cases are considered depending on cooling flow condition. The result shows that the vortical secondary flow patterns are observed clearly and these flow characteristics maintain through the NGV passage regardless of cooling flow injection. Compared to center region, the high axial velocity flow is observed near wall region due to cooling flow injection. Without cooling flow, the $CO_2$ (scalar) distribution becomes to be uniform quickly due to the strong flow mixing phenomenon. However, in cases of cooling flow, scalar distribution is significantly non-uniform.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.1162-1167
• /
• 2001

Suction valve fluttering is generated by reciprocating motions of the piston inhaling and discharging process of gas in the hermetic compressor. A reactive type suction muffler, which produces high pressure-drop because of its complicated flow path, controls the impulsive noise radiated from the flutter of suction valve. The high-pressure drop in the muffler increases the transmission loss, but reduces the EER(Energy Efficiency Ratio) of the compressor. We consider how to design the high acoustic attenuation and low pressure-drop performance to take account of the acoustic and flow performances of the suction muffler. In this study, we identified the suction noise source of compressor from the measurement of the acoustic pulsation and flutter of suction valve. We analyzed the acoustic characteristics of muffler using the finite element method, and compared the experimental and analytical characteristics of flow path of suction muffler. Theoretical predictions and experimental results are compared from the viewpoint of the acoustic performance and energy efficiency of the compressor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 2013

Gas/liquid two-phase ejector is a device without moving parts, in which liquid is used to drive gas of a low-pressure source. In this paper, the hydrodynamic characteristics of a vertical down type two-phase ejector were studied using an air-water loop system. Entrained air flow rates were measured with inlet and outlet pressures of the ejector with varying water flow rate. Homogeneous bubbly flows in the discharge pipe were confirmed by the high speed flow visualization method. Quantitative measurements of void fraction were made using a newly developed fiber optic probe system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.10
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 2004

The particle amount monitoring technique using ultrasound is proposed to determine the proper maintenance time of the filter in the supply process of pure gas in the unit of oxygen plant. There are advantages that it is adaptable in high temperature and high pressure, and it is not disturbed by being exposed in the gas flow, and it can be implemented very economically. The applicability of the ultrasonic technique is pre-studied through the theoretical analysis for the dependency of attenuation of ultrasonic wave on the particles in the gas flow. For the purpose, absorption, scattering and dispersion models are considered, and the attenuation by absorption and the change rate of the propagation speed are calculated fur the specific range of particle size and the ultrasonic wave frequency. It was expected by simulation that the absorptive attenuation by particles was the most sensitive to the change of particle amount. The experimental result showed high correspondence with the theoretical expectation so that this ultrasound attenuation measurement was proved to be highly effective for monitoring the amount of floating particles in the gas flow.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.21 no.8
• /
• pp.1056-1067
• /
• 1997

Present study visualized flow pattern and investigated spray characteristics of twin-fluid atomization with converging-diverging nozzles. Particle sizes were measured by using the Malvern particle analyzer, and the radial size distributions were evaluated by using the tomographic transform technique. The results show that the SMD generally increases in the radial direction at a prescribed liquid flow rate and the increasing rate in the SMD becomes gradual as atomizing gas pressure increases. The SMD decreases as the liquid flow rate increases at a fixed GLR (gas/liquid mass ratio). The atomization performance of the protrusion-type nozzle turned out to be superior to that of the flush-type. However, in the case of the protrusion-type, flow separation occurs outside the liquid delivery tube when the pressure at the gas nozzle chamber is high enough, which may deteriorate the atomization performance.