• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2012

Objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-treatment of rice straw by sizes(3cm, milled), temperatures($35^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$), with/without NaOH treatment, and RPM on the characteristics of volatile fatty acids production. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) was increased with the hydrolyzed time. Concentration of VFAs in milled rice straw was higher than that in 3 cm cut. With the alkali treatment, the concentration of TVFAs were sharply increased, which showed 3 times higher than non-treatment. Concentration of VFAs was high at 150 rpm at $35^{\circ}C$, and at 80rpm and 200 rpm at $55^{\circ}C$. Among them acetic acid was dominant, which showed the similar increase with TVFAs. It was also observed that in the case of fibrous material, the contents of cellulose and hemi-cellulose were reduced a little, but no change in lignin.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.353-361
• /
• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate the essential fatty acids requirement and its optimal level in dietary for young of tiger puffer. The young puffer fish used in feeding trial were average body weight 3.45g. Fish were randomly divided into 11 groups containing 30 fish each in 200 ${\ell}$ tank and reared for 8 weeks at ambient temperature. In basal diets, defatted squid meal, casein-Na and activated gluten were used as the dietary protein source, dextrin and ${\alpha}$-starch (gelatinized starch) as the digestible carbohydrate source and beef tallow as the lipid source. Five fatty acids added to diet were linoleic acid (LNA), linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ,docos-ahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 HUFA. Among that, the supplement of LA and LNA were $1\%$ of total composition of diet, respectively, and EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA ranged from $0.3\~1\%$ level. Growth and feed efficiency were measured to the interval of 2 weeks, and analyzed fatty acids composition of diet and liver by GCL. As a result of 8 weeks experiment, predominant growth were shown in $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA and $0.5\%$ DHA than others (P<0.05). In comparison of efficiency among EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA groups, the most results were revealed in n-3 HUFA and the least in EPA. The adding effect was shown in EPA by increasing the fatty acids content from 0.5 to $1\%$ in diet. However, sudden decline and steady state in growth were observed in $1\%$ DHA and $1\%$ n-3 HUFA, respectively. The feeding efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were high in n-3 HUFA groups and $0.5\%$ DHA. Consequently, it is assumed that young puffer requires n-3 HUEA both EPA and DHA as essential fatty acids. The optimal content in diets are about $0.5\%$ of HUFA or DHA.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.103-120
• /
• 2020

Objective : This study aims to understand the phenomenon of social admission in Korea's rehabilitation system by analyzing the perspectives of occupational therapists. Methods : We developed a written questionnaire based on RSAT and, in August 2019, distributed it to occupational therapists with more than three years of experience at the time. Data were analyzed using the van Kaam's method. Further, high frequency words were analyzed by word cloud in order to extract significant statements. Results : Forty-six written interviews were collected from various areas of Korea. We analyzed the data into 2 categories, 4 themes, 13 sub-themes. The two categories were 'hospital system' and 'external factors of occupational therapy practice'. The themes according to 'hospital system' were 'difficulties in implementing multidisciplinary approach' and 'inadequate discharge planning system'. The themes according to 'internal and external factors of occupational therapy' were analyzed as 'difficulties of occupational therapists' and 'difficulties in occupational therapy practice'. Conclusion : Occupational therapists in rehabilitation hospitals recognize that the reason for social admission is insufficient insurance systems related to occupational therapy services in rehab hospitals. This leads to difficulties in occupational therapy practice. We need to develop the insurance systems that can meet patient needs for social recovery.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.1197-1201
• /
• 2012

Objective: To study the relationship between clinical pathologic characteristics, treatment modalities and prognostic factors in HER-2 (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor-2) overexpressed breast carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Major clinico-pathological factors including therapeutic modalities and survival status of 371 breast cancer patients with HER2 over-expression, teated at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital from March of 2002 to December of 2010 were retrospectively studied, with special attention focused on survival-related factors. Results: The median age of the total 371 patients in this study was 48 years at time of diagnosis, among which, the leading pathological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (92.5%); 62.8% presented with a primary tomor larger than 2 cm in diameter at diagnosis, 51.0% had axillary lymph node (ALN) metastases; ER (Estrogen receptor)/PR (Progesterone receptor) double negative occured in 52.8% of cases, and PCNA (proliferation cell nuclear antigen) (+++) was found in 55.1%. HER-2 overexpressed patients were usually in advanced stage when the diagnosis was made (72.8% at stages IIA~IIIC). The prognosis and survival were assessed in 259 patients with complete follow-up data. 5-year DFS (disease-free survival) and OS (overall survival) rate was 68.0% and 78.0% respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that age, tumor size, ALN metastases, LVSI (lymph-vascular space involvement), PCNA status, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy cycles, and HER-2 overexpression, correlated closely with the prognosis. ALN metastases, LVSI, PCNA status and chemotherapy cycles were independent predictors of survival. Conclusions: HER-2 overexpressed breast cancer has special clinical and pathological characteristics, with advanced clinical stages and high rate of ER/PR double negative. Lymph node metastases, LVSI, PCNA and chemotherapy cycles are independent predictors of prognosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.316-316
• /
• 2017

The objective of this study is to estimate quantitatively soil salinity and soil loss at upland soils in agriculture land region in Saemangeum reclaimed land on the south Korea coasts. Soil loss and soil salinity are the most critical problem at reclaimed tidal saline soil in Korea. The several thematic maps of research area such as land cover map, topographic and soil maps, together with tabular precipitation data used for soil erosion and soil salinity calculation. Meteorological data were measured directly as air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and precipitation. The experiment was conducted 2% sloped lysimeter ($5.0m{\times}20.0m$) with 14 treatments and it were separated by low salinity division (LSD) and high salinity division (HSD) install. The cation content in ground water increased during time course, but in the case of land surface water the content was variable, and $K^+$ was lower than that of $Na^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$. At the LSD under rainproof condition, the salinity was directly proportional to soil water content, but at the HSD the tendency was no reversed. In condition of rainproof, the amount of soil salinity was higher at the HSD than at the LSD. Positive correlation was obtained between the soil water content and available phosphorous content at the rainfall division, but there was no significance at the surface soil of the rainproof division. Sodium adsorption ratio and anion contents in soil were repressed in the order of vinyl-mulching > non-mulching > bare field. According to the result of analyzing soil loss, soil loss occurred in a vinyl-mulching, a non-mulching and a bare field in size order, and also approximately 11.2 ton/ha soil loss happened on the reclaimed land area. The average soil loss amount by the unit area takes place in a non-mulching and bare field a lot. Our results indicate that soluble salt control and soil erosion are critical at reclaimed tidal saline soil and the results can provide some useful information for deciding management plans to reduce soil loss and salt damage for stable crop production and diverse utilization or cultivation could be one of the management options to alleviate salt damage at reclaimed tidal saline soil in Korea.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.11 no.8
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2011

The advent of new platforms each year along with the advancement of technology provides a new opportunity for digital media designers to develop creative and innovative contents. This phenomenon affect the same way the students that major in the digital media, and the use of the platforms that is based on the new technology in the development of contents gives a newer and useful opportunity for learning to the students who recently study the digital media area. As the main technology of the recent digital media that attract many students' attention, we are presenting virtual reality display, movement cognition, physical engine and the gesture interface, and developed the consolidated platform based on these four technologies, and designed them in a way that can be more easily implemented in a simpler way. In order to study the efficiency of the platform with the objective of the development of digital media contents, we have developed four different prototype contents, and have measured based on the user's preference, efficiency and satisfaction. In the results of usability evaluation, functionality, effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction were rated as 'high'. This results shows that the suggested 3D platform environment provides students to develop a rapid prototype fast and easy, and this may have a positive influence on students major in the digital media to conduct creative development research.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.156-161
• /
• 2016

When air discharged from a radioisotope production facility is contaminated with radiation, the public may be exposed to radiation. The objective of this study is to manage such radiation exposure. We measured the airborne radioactivity concentration at a 30 MeV cyclotron radioisotope production facility to assess whether the exhaust gas was contaminated. Additionally, we investigted the radioactive contamination of the air filter for efficient air purification and radiation safety control. To measure the airborne radiation concentration, specimens were collected weekly for 4 h after the beginning of the radioisotope production. Regarding the air purifier, five specimens were collected at different positions of each filter-pre-filter, high-efficiency particulate air filter, and charcoal filter-installed in the cyclotron production room. The concentrations of F-18, I-123, I-131, and Tl-201 generated in the radioiodine production room were $13.5Bq/m^3$, $27.0Bq/m^3$, $0.10Bq/m^3$, and $11.5Bq/m^3$, respectively; the concentrations of F-18, I-123, and I-131 produced in the radioisotope production room were $0.05Bq/m^3$, $16.1Bq/m^3$, and $0.45Bq/m^3$, correspondingly; and those of F-18, I-123, I-131, and Tl-201 generated in the accelerator room were $2.07Bq/m^3$, $53.0Bq/m^3$, $0.37Bq/m^3$, and $0.15Bq/m^3$, respectively. The maximum radiation concentration of I-123 generated in the radioiodine production room was 1,820 Bq/g, which can be disposed after 2 days. The maximum radiation concentration of Tl-202 generated in the radioisotope production room was 205 Bq/g, and this isotope must be stored for 53 days. The I-123 generated in the radioiodine production room had a maximum concentration of 1,530 Bq/g and must be stored for 2 days. The maximum radiation concentration of Na-22 generated in the radioisotope production room was 0.18 Bq/g and this isotope must be disposed after 827 days. To manage the exhaust, the efficiency of air purification must be enhanced by selecting an air purifier with a long life and determining the appropriate replacement time by examining the differential pressure through systematic measurements of the airborne radiation contamination level.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2003

Objective : There were few reports on the treatment of Adult-onset Still's disease and Diffuse cerebral dysfunction. This oriental medical treatment shows the possibility of healing Adult-onset Still's disease and Diffuse cerebral dysfunction, therefore we announce this. Methods : The acupuncture, herbal medicine, herbal acupucture(Jahageo, Nockyong) therapies were applied for treating this patient's chief symptom(chest discomfort, palpitation, rigidity, mentality change, global aphasia, dysphagia, coughing and sputum) Results : 1. Adult-onset Still's disease is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterised by salmon-colored rash, intermittent spiking high fever, arthralgia and variety of systemic features. This is one type of Juvenile arthritis. 2. Diffuse cerebral dysfunction is an anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and most cause of this is the hypoxia caused by hypotention or respiratory distress. 3. After oriental medical treatments, his chief symptoms were improved. Conclusion : The more study about oriental medical treatment on Adult-onset Still's disease and Diffuse cerebral dysfunction is needed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.629-634
• /
• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.222-227
• /
• 2020

BACKGROUND: Among the biomass conversion techniques of livestock manure, composting process is a method of decomposing organic matter through microorganisms, and converting it into fertilizer in soil. The aerobic composting process is capable of treating cow manure in large quantities, and produces greenhouse gas as CO₂ and N₂O, although it has economical benefit. By using the activated rice hull biochar, which is a porous material, it was intended to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, and to produce the compost of which quality was high. Objective of this experiment was to estimate CO₂ and N₂O emissions through composting process of cow manure with different cooperated biochar contents. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments of activated rice hull biochar were set at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively, during composting cow manure. The CO₂ emission in the control was 534.7 L kg^-1, but was 385.5 L kg^-1 at 15% activated rice hull biochar. Reduction efficiency of CO₂ emission was estimated to be 28%. N₂O emission was 0.28 L kg^-1 in the control, but was 0.03 L min^-1 at 15% of activated rice hull biochar, estimating about 89% reduction efficiency. CONCLUSION: Greenhouse gas emissions during the composting process of cow manure can be reduced by mixing with 15% of activated rice hull biochar for eco-friendly compost production.