• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.691-701
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary quality of school-aged children from low-income families in comparison with those from higher income families. The socio-demographic and anthropometric data and one day 24-hour recall dietary intake data of 1,782 school-aged children were used for analysis from the data of 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The children whose family had monthly household income 120% or lower than the 2001 Minimum Cost of Living were classified into Low Income Group (LIG), and the others were classified into Higher Income Group (HIG). The consumption levels of the food groups of the Korean Food Guide as well as the general nutritional status based on their weight and height, energy and nutrient intake were compared between LIG and HIG in elementary (n = 989), middle (n = 432), and high (n = 361) school-aged children, respectively. LIG tended to have lower weight, height, and BMI than HIG, but the difference was significant only in the weight and the BMI of the middle school-aged children. The energy intake of LIG didn't differ from that of HIG, but LIG consumed a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrate and a lower percentage of energy from fat than HIG. Some micronutrient intake was lower in LIG than HIG in case of the elementary and the middle school-aged children. The average numbers of servings of milk dairy products and fruits consumed by LIG were significantly lower than those consumed by HIG in the elementary and the middle school-aged children, and they were less than the respective recommended serving. The average number of servings of meat fish egg beans consumed by LIG was lower than that consumed by HIG in the middle and the high school-aged children, and it was also less than the recommended serving. The results suggested that the diet of children from low-income families should be intervened by strategies different from the other children in order to improve the consumption level of milk dairy products, fruits, and meat fish egg beans.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 2018

This study was conducted to suggest the effective management and recycling processes of coffee waste, which can be easily obtained from coffee shops and coffee-related products industries. Prior to the fabrication of pellets, the potential of coffee waste as a raw material of pellet was investigated through the examination of its chemical compositions and fuel characteristics. Major gradient included in coffee waste was holocellulose, followed by fat/oil and protein. Coffee waste contained a small quantity of ash (0.7%), such as calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Interestingly, coffee waste was easily dried probably due to its porous structure. Pellets fabricated with coffee waste and larch sawdust showed good fuel characteristics, such as moisture content, ash content, density and durability. The pellets exceed greatly the minimum requirements of $1^{st}$-grade wood pellet standard designated by National Institute of Forest Science (NIFOS). Particularly, the high calorific value of coffee waste showed the potential as a raw material of pellet. However, owing to high nitrogen and sulfur contents, coffee waste is like to be used as a raw material of wood pellet for combined heat and power plants equipped with a reduction system of $NO_x$ and $SO_x$ gases. On the other hand, 91 wt% larch sawdust and 9 wt% coffee waste are required to fabricate the $1^{st}$-grade wood pellets designated by NIFOS. Pellets fabricated with the conditions are estimated to have nitrogen content of 0.298% and sulfur content of 0.03%. Lastly, if amounts of coffee waste and sawdust in the production of wood pellets are adequately adjusted according to its purchasing price, the manufacturing cost of pellet can effectively be reduced. In addition, it is expected tp prepare the effective recycling process of waste and to relieve the environmental burden with the reduction of waste from the commercialization of coffee waste/larch pellets.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 1981

Silage yield and nutritional values of a locally collected Korean corn line with high tillering and earing characteristics were investigated at plant densities from 2778 to 8333 plants/ l0a. This line and a non-tillering and nonprolific corn as a check were grown at four plant densities and at three planting dates. The Korean local line abbreviated as MET had the highest dry matter per l0a. The highest dry matter of the MET line compared with the check hybrid was due to the highest dry leaf weight of the MET line. The highest dry leaf weight of the MET line was due to the increased number of tillers of the MET line. Other plant parts such as ear weight, kernel weight and cob weight of the MET line were lower than those of the check hybrid. The dry husk weight per l0a of the MET line was higher than that of the check hybrid, probably due to the increased number of ears in the MET line. The total embryo production per 10 a of the MET line was significantly higher than that of the check hybrid. The increased portion of embryo of the MET line is probably responsible for the higher TON values of the MET line. No interaction between variety x planting dates or planting density was found, indicating that the MET line and check hybrid were both the same in effects of planting dates and densities. Both line and hybrid showed the highest dry matter production when the planting density was high and planting dates was early. When silage was made from either MET line or check hybrid the nutritional values in terms of crude protein, crude fat, fiber, and ash contents of the MET line were similar to those of the check hybrid. But the TON of the MET line was higher than that of the check hybrid, while the OCP of the MET line lower than that of the check hybrid. Amino acid contents of the MET line were also comparable to those of the check hybrid, while lysine content of the MET line was 10% higher than that of the check hybrid.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.2 s.34
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• pp.195-210
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• 1991

Fatty liver is caused by derangement of fat metabolism and can be reversed by removal of contributing factors. The contributing factors of fatty liver is known to be overweight, chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and drug abuse such as tetracycline. This study was carried out on 1335 persons who visited 'Soon Chun Hyang Human Dock Center' from March to June 1990. In analysis of the data, prevalence of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram by age and sex, laboratory finding between fatty liver group and normal group, and odds ratio of known contributing factors, were compared. The results obtained are as following ; 1) The prevalence rate of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram is 29.6% in male and 11.5% in female. 2) Age groups with high prevalences are $40{\sim}50's$ in male (32.0%) and 50's in female (24.5%). 3) The fatty liver shows significant association with style (p<0.05), whereas not with hepatitis B-virus surface antigen (p>0.05). 4) All laboratory values except alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are elevated significantly in accordance with the degree of fatty liver (p<0.01). 5) Fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram showed so strong associations with body index, triglycerides and gamma-glutamyl transferase for males, and body index and fasting blood sugar for females that these factors may be used as supplementary data in establishing diagnosis of fatty liver. 6) Odds ratio of contributing factors are as follows ; If the odds ratio of below 29 year of age is 1.0 then that of $30{\sim}39$ is 1.74 (p=0.33), $40{\sim}49$ is 2.47 (p=0.10), $50{\sim}59$ is 2.86 (p=0.0570), over 60 is 1.81 (p=0.34). If the odds ratio of female is 1.0 then that of male is 5.67 (p<0.01). If the odds ratio of body index below zero is 1.0 then that of $0{\sim}9$ is 5.08 (p<0.01), $10{\sim}19$ is 12.37 (p<0.01), $20{\sim}29$ is 29.19 (p<0.01), 30 above is 154.02 (p<0.01). If the odds ratio of below 99 mg/dl FBS is 1.0 then that of $100{\sim}120$ is 106 (p=0.76), over 120 is 1.91 (p=0.02). If the odds ratio of below $29{\mu}/1{\gamma}-GT$ is 1.0 then that of $30{\sim}s59$ is 2.11 (p<0.01), $60{\sim}90$ is 1.87 (p<0.05), 90 above is 1.69 (p=0.15). If the odds ratio of below 149 mg/dl TG is 1.0 then $150{\sim}199$ is 1.49 (p=0.05), $200{\sim}250$ is 1.09 (P=0.77), 250 above is 2.53 (p<0.01). In summary, early diagnosis of fatty liver could be made by ultrasonogram supplemented with body index and nm triglyceride. The fatty liver could be preventive by avoiding contributing factors such as obesity, alcohol intake, high blood sugar appropriately.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 1994

The effects of different dietary lipids on growth, body chemical composition, and nutrient partition of the Korean rockfish (43 g of initial mean weight) were studied. Fish were fed three experimental diets containing 1) $4.5\%$ squid liver oil, 2) $1\%$ squid liver oil and $3.5\%$ beef tallow, and 3) $1\%$ squid liver oil and $3.5\%$ soybean oil. Growth and feed efficiency were detarmined during a 19-week feeding period at water temperature of $15.5^{\circ}C$, and at the end of which body chemical compositions were analyzed. Remained fish were fasted for 45 days, and four fish were taken at 6, 12 and 24 hours, and 3, 15 and 45 days after the fasting to determine tissue compositions and hematological changes. Growth, feed efficiency, protein and lipid retention efficiency, hepatosomatic index(HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), and chemical composition of whole body and dorsal muscle were not affected by the different dietary lipids. Liver moisture content of fish fed squid liver oil diet was higher than that of fish fed beef tallow or soybean oil diet. Liver lipid content of fish fed beef tallow diet was higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Fatty acid composition of dorsal muscle and liver were affected by the different dietary lipids ; high levels of 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3 from fish fed the diet containing squid liver oil, 18 : 1 from fish fed the diet containing beef tallow, and high 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3 from fish fed the diet containing soybean oil were observed. Both HSI and VSI of fish fed three diets decreased with time after the begining of starvation. Liver glycogen did not change during the first 15 days of starvation and decreased thereafter, and that was not affected by the different dietary lipids. Lipid and protein contents in the dorsal muscle of fish decreased up to 15 days of starvation and remained unchanged thereafter, these were not different from each other. Glucose, free fatty acid, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations in Fish serum were varied for the first 15 days of starvation, after that the concentrations of fish serum remained relatively stable in all the treatment groups with prolonged starvation. The results indicate that Korean rockfish can utilize fish oil, animal fat or vegetable oil equally as energy source when n-3HUF A is adquate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.842-853
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• 2014

For developing indigestible lipids, symmetric triacylglycerol (ST) and asymmetric triacylglycerol (AT) were produced by enzymatic interesterification using high oleic sunflower oil, palmitic ethyl ester, and stearic ethyl ester in a shaking water bath. Used enzymes were Lipozyme RMIM for ST and Lipozyme TLIM for AT. To remove ethyl ester from reactants, methanol fractionation (reactant : methanol=1:5, w/v, $25^{\circ}C$) and florisil separation (reactant : florisil=1:8, w/w) were applied. Acetone fractionation (reactant : acetone=1:9, w/v) was implemented to separate triacylglcerol (TAG) species into ST and AT. Fractions I (before fractionation), II (after fractionation, liquid phase) and III (after fractionation, solid phase) were separated from ST, whereas fractions IV (after 1st fractionation, liquid phase) and V (after 2nd fractionation, solid phase) were from AT. From sn-2 fatty acid composition analysis, the sum of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) was 4.9~6.5 area% in ST (I, II, III), and 41.9~43.9 area% in AT (IV, V). In vitro digestion was performed for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes at $37^{\circ}C$ in a shaking water bath. For the digestion results, hydrolysis of V was only 40% compared to others (I, II, III, IV) at 120 minutes due to its melting point ($49^{\circ}C$). However, initially (15 minutes), hydrolysis (%) was as follows: V$32.5^{\circ}C$, $31.8^{\circ}C$) and different slip melting points ($31.3^{\circ}C$, $19.5^{\circ}C$). Even though IV has a lower TAG content composed of two saturated fatty acids than III, it had a similar melting point.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine if Mehrabian's eating-related characteristics questionnaire could be effectively applied in predicting obesity and eating disorders among Korean college students by examining the correlations between eating-related characteristics and anthropometry, nutrient intakes, psychological aspects of depression, and personality dimensions. The data were collected from 151 female students in classes of nutrition or psychology in Kyungnam University. Measurements of height, weight and triceps skinfold thickness (TSf) were made by well-trained interviewers, and BMI was calculated. Daily nutrient intakes were obtained from the self-reported three-day dietary records for the kinds and the amounts of foods consumed by the student subjects. The students were also asked to complete three questionnaires : Mehrabian's eating-related characteristics questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Berk Depression Inventory. The results of the study were as follows : 1) Reliability of factored homogeneous item dimensions (FHIDS) of the translated version of the eating-related characteristics questionnaire showed a similar profile compared with the original. Moreover, the loading values of Cronbach-$\alpha$ for some FHIDs, which were excluded in order to constitute primary-level factors (for example, 'predisposition to obesity' etc) with a high reliability, were much lower than Mehrabian's. Therefore the eating-related characteristics questionnaire could be effectively used for Korean students for predicting predisposition to obesity and eating disorders. 2) With regard to the relationship between anthropometric indices and eating-related characteristics, BMI measurements showed a high and a positive correlation with 'predisposition to obesity' and 'uncontrollable urges to eat', and a negative correlation with a 'predisposition to anorexia'. The heavier body weight and the more fat mass that the subjects had, the higher the probability that the subjects were overeating. 3) The intakes of some minerals (Fe, K, Na) and Vitamin C showed significantly negative correlations with a 'predisposition to obesity' and a 'predisposition to anorexia'. But the intakes of vitamin B$_2$, niacin, and retinol were positively correlated with'uncontrollable urges to eat'. 4) Among personality dimensions, neuroticism had a positive correlation with a 'predisposition to obesity', 'uncontrollable urges to eat', and 'predisposition to anorexia'. 5) Neuroticism was negatively correlated with intakes of calories, carbohydrates, K, Fe, Vitamin C, etc. On the contrary, all personality dimensions were positively correlated with intakes of retinol. In conclusion, the translated version of Mehrabian's eating-related characteristics questionnaire appears to be effective for nutritional or psychological assessments of any predisposition to eating disorders among Korean college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.247-257
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between instant noodle intake and metabolic factors in Korean adults. Methods: Study subjects were 5,894 (male 2,293, female 3,601) aged 19~64 years who participated in the 2013~2014 KNHANES. Information on frequency and consumption of instant noodles was obtained by the food frequency questionnaires method in KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), and subjects were classified according to age, sex, and instant noodle consumption (INC). Results: The frequency and consumption of instant noodles was 1.2 times/week and 1.2 servings in subjects. High INC group (${\geq}1$ serving/week) was significantly younger in age compared with the low INC group (< 1 serving/week). However, the high INC group had significantly higher waist circumference, metabolic factors (triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol), and dietary intake (energy intake, fat, and sodium density) compared with the low INC group. Hyperglycemia showed association with higher risk of highest quartile of INC after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, gender, household income, education, smoking, and alcohol compared with the lowest quartile (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8). In female, abdominal obesity showed association with higher risk of highest quartile of INC after adjustments for multiple confounding factors compared with the lowest quartile (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2). Conclusion: Consumption of instant noodles was associated with increased prevalence of abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia in women. These findings suggest an association of instant noodle consumption status with metabolic risk.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 1982

To determine the influence of vegetarian diet on serum lipoprotein, cholesterol and protein levels, 45 young Buddhist nuns (age: $20{\sim}34$ years) and 29 female students(age: $20{\sim}22$ years) were examined. Daily caloric intakes were 1,945 Kcal for the Buddhist nuns and 1,815 Kcal for the students. The ratio of% calorie of carbohydrate: protein: fat from total calories in the Buddhist nuns was 84:11:5 and that in the students was 70:15:15. The Buddhist nuns had significantly higher carbohydrate intake but markedly lower lipid intakes than the students. Anthropometric measurement showed that the Buddhist nuns had significantly higher values of body weight, skin-fold thickness, body surface area and obesity index than the students. Both systolic and diastolic pressures of the Buddhist nuns and students were similar. Serum levels of total lipid, cholesterol and proteins in the Buddhist nuns were not different from those of the students. However, when comparing the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions, the Buddhist nuns had lower level of HDL but significantly higher LDL levels than the students. Furthermore, the Buddhist nuns had significantly lower levels of serum HDL-cholesterol but significantly higher LDL-cholesterol levels. There were significant correlations between LDL and LDL cholesterol (r=0.40), VLDL and VLDL-cholesterol(r=0.85), HDL and HDL-cholesterol(r=0.45), total serum lipid and total cholesterol (r=0.66) and total serum cholesterol and LDL(r=0.79). On the other hand, values of both serum total protein, and fractions of serum proteins were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students(ratio of albumin: ${\alpha}_{1}-:\;{\alpha}_{2}-:\;{\beta}-:\;{\gamma}-$globulins=55:3:10:13:19). Hematocrit and hemogloblin levels were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students. Above results suggest that vegetarian diets of the Buddhist nuns produced alterations in the metabolism of the lipoproteins and cholesterol.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.343-354
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• 2003

Simulation studies were carried out to investigate the responses of selection for three carcass traits (longissimus muscle area: EMA, fat thickness: BF, and marbling score: MS) based on either adjusted phenotypes (APH) or estimated breeding values (EBV) in multivariate animal model with different breeding schemes. Selection responses were estimated and compared on six different models with respect to breeding schemes using either carcass measurements or real time ultrasonic (RTU) scans generated by Monte Carlo computer simulation supporting closed breeding population. From the base population with 100 sires and 2000 dams, 20 sires and 1000 dams by each generation were selected by either APH or EBV for 10 generations. Relative economic weights were equal of three traits as EMA(1): BF(－1) : MS(1) for standardized either APH or EBV. For first two models which were similarly designed with current progeny-test program in Korean cattle, three carcass traits with records either only on male progenies (Model 1) or on male and female progenies (Model 2) were used for selecting breeding stocks. Subsequently, generation intervals on males were assumed as 6${\sim}$10 years in these two models. The other two models were designed with tools of selection by RTU rather than carcass measurements with genetic correlations of 0.81${\sim}$0.97 between RTU and corresponding carcass traits in addition to whether with records (Model 4) or without records (Model 3) on female. In these cases, generation intervals on males were assumed as 2${\sim}$4 years. The remaining last two models were designed as similar with Models 3 and 4 except genetic correlations of 0.63${\sim}$0.68 between RTU and corresponding carcass traits with records (Model 6) and without records (Model 5) on females. The results from 10 replicates on each model and selecting methods suggested that responses indirect selection for carcass traits in Model 4 were 1.66${\sim}$2.44 times efficient rather than those in Model 1. Otherwise, in Model 6 with assuming moderate genetic correlations, those efficiencies were 1.18${\sim}$2.08 times with comparing to responses in Model 1. However, selection response for marbling score was the smallest among three carcass traits because of small variation of measurements. From these results, this study suggested that indirect selection using RTU technology for improving high meat qualities in Korean cattle would be valuable with modifying measuring rules of marbling score forward to large variation or modifying relative economic weight for selection.