• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2023

Gas has replaced coal or petroleum as primary fuel because of its convenience. However, gas has risk of fire, explosion, or poisoning. To reduce gas-related accidents, many strategic projects have been being carried based on 'Gas Safety Management Basic Plans' on a domestic scale. In spite of those projects, the gas-related accident rate did not decrease over past decades. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of ongoing projects, and to find out ways to make improvements. Conventional statistical analyses on accident data published by gas-related institutions were not useful to determine meaningful attributes to predict future. Whereas, accident case analyses adopted in the present study discovered differences in the type of people and their unsafe acts for each gas type. Meanwhile, the overall average priority of projects was not high in the aspect of System Safety Precedence. If the current trend is maintained, with sigmoid functions, it can be estimated that mean annual accident rate will decrease by only 2.0% in the next two decades. To improve the current trend, the present study made conclusions as followings: (1) safety projects should be designed with careful consideration of accident traits including gas type, unsafe acts, and persons involved and (2) alternative strategies should include system considerations such as minimum hazard design and safety devices prior to mere education or training. To summarize briefly, the present state related with gas accidents highlights the necessity of a system-based multidisciplinary approach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1-5
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• 2013

Notorious press machine bothers employers by causing so many industrial accidents which are mostly of caught-in or between type. In 2008, press machines caused 1665 cases of such type of accidents, which reached about 11% of all those. Even though various approaches has been adopted to prevent those press machine accidents, up to now, no one was found to be satisfactory. In this study, two kinds of companies, accident-occurred and accident-free by press machine, were surveyed to find out positive and negative factors for accidents prevention. 400 companies which experienced accidents in 2008 and 200 companies which did not experience accident at all during the same period were selected for this survey. Most of these companies are small companies that employ less than 50 employees. Even though small companies are exempted from legal obligations to have a safety management system for accident prevention, we surveyed about safety management systems of those companies because of its crucial importance for accident prevention including whether they appointed safety managers and various supervisors. Awareness and efforts for safety of employers and employees were also measured. Results were analysed by the method of cross tabulation analysis. Main findings of this study are as follows. Most accident-occurred companies did not appoint any safety manager or supervisor. While it is recommended that the workplace of high accident rate have a safety manager. In addition, as less employers' effort for safety was made in accident-occurred companies in order to prevent accidents during press processing, the author proposes an amendment to the relevant law. Finally, the most referred reason for the negligence of hazard is the cumbersomeness in installing safeguards.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2000

This paper describes experimental investigations of helium-air exchange flow through openings with vertical partitions. Such exchange flows may occur following rupture accident of stand pipe in high temperature gas cooled reactor. Exchange flow rates are investigated experimentally by using partitioned opening and opening with extended partition to assess fluids interference of the exchange flow at the stand pipe rupture accident. A tests vessel with the two types of opening on top of test cylinder is used in the experiments. An estimation method of mass increment is developed and applied to measure the exchange flow rate. A technique of flow visualization by Mach-Zehnder interferometer is provided to recognize the exchange flows. Amplitude and progress of interference fringes of the flows are observed and used as a support in comparison with the exchange flow rates. Flow passages of upward flow of the helium and downward flow of the air for both two types of the opening are separated by inserted partition within the opening, but in the case of partitioned opening, unseparated flow is formed at the opening entrance and the two flows interface. The exchange flow rate for the partitioned opening is not greater than that of the opening with extended partition because of the fluids interference at the entrance of opening. Finally, the fluids interference at the opening entrance is found to be one of important factors on the helium-air exchange flow rate.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.3 s.47
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• pp.447-463
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• 1994

Despite the public health importance of injury and poisoning in terms of its high mortality and incidence, epidemiologic information to be utilized are scarce in Korea. This study was carried out in 1990 on a representative sample population (about 55,000 persons) along with the 6th National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey in order to estimate the magnitude of injury and poisoning occurrence and to identify its epidemiologic characteristics which can be aided for establishing preventive strategy. Pre-tested and structured Questionnaire was used by trained interviewer to collect data including general information of the person, various information on the injury and poisoning during the past one year such as time and place of its occurrence, its nature and external causes, type of medical institute attended, duration of treatment and outcome of the accident occured. In analysis of the data collected incidence rates per 1000 persons by sex, age group and its nature as well as external causes, and relative frequencies were calculated. The result obtained are as followings; 1. The incidence rate per 1000 was 30 for both sexes, 39 for male and 22 for female, male being 1.8 times more frequent than female. Age adjusted incidences were not much different from the crude rates. Age group specific rate curve showed bimodal shape in both sexes, small peaks in preschool children and higher peaks in older ages. The incidence rate per 1000 people by area was highest in Jeon-bug province (57/1000) and the lowest in Daegu city(11/1000). 2. The place where the injuries occured were road in 46%, within the boundary of house in 25%, and working place in 12% The injuries and poisoning had occured more frequently during the months from March to August of the year than other months. 3. The relatively frequent injuries by its nature were contusion with intact skin surface (19%), fracture of upper limb (13%), open wound of head, neck and trunk (12%) and fracture of lower limb (11%) among males; contusion with intact skin surface (28%), sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscle (14%), fracture of upper limb (10%) and fracture of lower limb (9%) among females. Higher incidence rate among males than females were fracture of skull (4.5 times), open wound and fractures of limbs ($2{\sim}3$ times). Age specific rate of injuries and poisoning by its nature showed increasing pattern by age in fractures of upper and lower limbs and sprains & strains of joints whereas the age group of 30's showed highest incidence in open wounds of upper limb. Fractures of radius and ulna in upper limb, fractures of tibia & fibula and ankle in lower limb were most frequent among fractures of upper and lower limbs. The frequent injuries among sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles were that of ankle, foot and back, and among open wound were that of head and fingers. 4. Relative frequency of injuries and poisoning by external causes showed following order : other accidents (25%), accidental falls (23%), motor vehicle accident (22%) and other road vehicle accident (14%) among males and accidental falls (37%), motor vehicle accident (24%) and other accident (18%) among females. The external causes revealing higher incidences among males than females, were other road vehicle accident (4.8 times), vehicle accident not elsewhere classifiable (4.4 times), accidental poisoning (4.4 times), accidents due to natural and environmental factors (2.8 times), and sucide & self-inflicted injuries (2.8 times). Age specific incidence by external causes for frequent injuries showed that incidence of other accident steadily increased from 10's till age 50's; motor vehicle traffic accident increased from age 20's and dropped after age 60's; on the other hand accidental fall increased strikingly by age. The most frequent external causes among motor vehicle traffic accidents was motor vehicle traffic accident involving collision with pedstrain (69%), pedal cycle accident (30%) and other road vehicle accident (71%) among other road vehicle accidents; falls on same level from slipping, tripping or standing (44%) and other falls from one level to another among accidental falls; accidents caused by machinary (32%) for male and striking against or struck accidentally by objects or person for female among other accidents. 5. Seventy nine percent of the injuries and poisonings were treated in general hospital or hospital/clinic. The duration of treatment ranged from a few days to 123 weeks; the majority(52%) took under 2 weeks, 36% for $3{\sim}8$ weeks and 4% over 21 weeks. 6. The accident resulted in full recovery of normal healthy state in 62%, residual functional defects in 21% and on process of treatment in 16%.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.131-136
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• 2013

Automobile was first introduced in 1903 in South Korea, the masses of the car was carried out rapidly compared to other countries. However, many people were killed in a traffic accidents and economic loss was occurred due to the spread of the automobile. In South Korea, 2012, traffic accident occurred 223,656 times, 5,392 fatality, 344,565 injured people. In the last five years, about 224,000 accidents per year were occurring. In other words, 610 traffic accidents occur and about 15 people pass away in one day. In addition, the proportion of traffic accidents is first place in the OECD countries and it is very high in the world. Understand occurrence tendency of traffic accident, accident frequency rate of the driver who drives more than 10 years was higher than the novice driver. In addition, as a result of examining the cause of the traffic accident, breach of safe driving obligation appears highest case (125,391 times), and followed by signal violation, break safety distance. Therefore, the majority of traffic accidents occurred by the lack of safety awareness of the driver. In this study, prevent the loss of human life and property in traffic disaster, by establish disaster prevention measures that investigated by questionnaire survey and statistical data of the state of consciousness and driving posture in response to the driving history of the driver.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2021

According to the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency's (KOSHA) report on industrial accident statistics over the past four years, the number of casualties at construction sites from 2017 to June 2020 was about 93,158 and the number of deaths was about 1,977, showing a high trend of safety accidents among the eight major occupational groups, with the construction industry ranking third in total and the death rate being the highest in total. Among them, the number of deaths caused by falls in the entire occupational category is about 1,267, the highest rate of deaths due to contact is about 522, which is a frequent safety accident among the top three accident types. This paper aims to help reduce the overall proportion of construction safety accidents by developing smart safety sensing devices using ultrasonic sensors to prevent two types of safety accidents, which have the highest rate of occurrence among various types of safety accidents occurring at construction sites.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study analyzes the characteristics of safety education in schools, experience of accidents, and safety awareness level of elementary school students. It also presents realistic guidelines for safety education, which can effectively lead to the safety behavior of students. Methods: We carried out questionnaire survey by convenient sampling method to 6th grade students of 3 elementary schools in Gyeonggi-do area that can understand the questionnaire and express their own opinion for safety awareness from February 15, 2013 to February 1, 2013. We used a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed 266 questionnaires except dishonestly answered 34 questionnaires. Results: 1. For accident occurrence by gender, male students was higher than female students. Male students was also higher than female students among students having an accident(${\chi}^2$=5.142, p=0.029). There was statistical significance in accident occurrence by how they go to school. Students going to school on foot have higher accident rate(${\chi}^2$=11.447, p=0.010). 2. In terms of safety awareness level, students having no accident was higher than students having an accident(F=3.828, p=0.005) and students usually keeping safety rules have higher safety awareness(F=14.285, p=0.000). 3. When parents give safety education to their children as often as possible, the safety awareness level of students was high(F=5.257, p=.006). 4. Students having an accident have no safety education experience than students having no accident(p<0.05). They have never had safety education from a health teacher. There was statistical significance(p<0.01). Conclusions: Accordingly, we need to make students have safety attitude to prevent safety accidents. To achieve it, safety awareness has to be inspired. Systematic and various education programs that can give connected education with local community network to the students and parents is required.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.3236-3246
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• 2021

Lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident directed that multiple failures should be considered more seriously rather than single failure in the licensing bases and safety cases because attempts to take accident management measures could be unsuccessful under the high radiation environment aggravated by multiple failures, such as complete loss of electric power, uncontrollable loss of coolant inventory, failure of essential safety function recovery. In the case of the complete loss of electric power called station blackout (SBO), if there is no mitigation action for recovering safety functions, the reactor core would be overheated, and severe fuel damage could be anticipated due to the failure of the active heat sink. In such a transient condition at CANDU-6 plants, the seal failure of the primary heat transport (PHT) pumps can facilitate a consequent increase in the fuel sheath temperature and eventually lead to degradation of the fuel integrity. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the regulatory guidelines for multiple failures on a licensing basis so that licensees should prepare the accident management measures to prevent or mitigate accident conditions. In order to explore the efficiency of implementing accident management strategies for CANDU-6 plants, this study proposed a realistic accident analysis approach on the SBO transient with multiple-failure sequences such as seal failure of PHT pumps without operator's recovery actions. In this regard, a comparative study for two PHT pump seal failure modes with and without coolant seal leakage was conducted using a best-estimate code to precisely investigate the behaviors of thermal-hydraulic parameters during transient conditions. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis for different PHT pump seal leakage rates was also carried out to examine the effect of leakage rate on the system responses. This study is expected to provide the technical bases to the accident management strategy for unmitigated transient conditions with multiple failures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.48-55
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• 2015

The number of collapse accidents relevant to form support since 2003 is 30 on the basis of statistical data from Ministry of Employment and Labor,. Total number of casualty was 138 (47 for deaths and 91 for injuries). The accident severity rate was high because the 4.6 casualties per one accident were occurred averagely although the incident rate was relatively low. Especially, one of form support members, the pipe supports have not been equipped adequately so that the accidents could have happened. In this regard, this study performed buckling test related to the effect of horizontal connection and slope in the single pipe which is one of typical pipe supports. The buckling load, which was estimated from the single pipe with the horizontal connectors theoretically and experimentally, was increased as more than 2 times compared to the buckling load obtained from the pipe supports without the connector. The buckling load was reduced as more than 26%, 34% slope of the single pipe comparing with 5% and 10% slope, respectively. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide the guideline for installation and the maintenance of the pipe supports legally and institutionally to prevent the collapse accidents of the pipe supports.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

Although a rate of car accident death is on the decrease, internal rate of median encroachment accident is still high. In order to reduce the median encroachment accident, government use median barriers but there are no exact criteria of them. Particularly, current impulse measurement method has adopted the uniformly operating speed and encroachment angle. At reality, however, there are various conditions depends on driver's characters. In that reason, this study calculates reasonable impulse quantity through encroachment angle and operating speed. It will be necessary to prevent overuse treasury and car accidents.