• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1995

Objective : Patients with sleep apnea should be diagnosed with polysomnography(PSG). However, it is not easy to recommend PSG for all patients suspected with sleep apnea in practice. Therefore, we tried to develop the screening test for referral of PSG. Method : 140 patients with snoring and sleep apnea syndrome were studied by the PSG. Sleep apnea questionnaire. Zung's scale for depression. Stanford Sleepiness Scale(SSS), insomnia scale and neuropsychological test were administered. Also, blood pressure, height, weight and neck circumference were measured and some histories were taken. Correlations between respiratory disturbance index(RDI) and various parameters mentioned above and discriminant coefficients of the parameters to RDI were computed. And, we investigated sensitivities of screening tests for selection of the patients with RDI above 20. Results : Using six parameters(neck circumference, systolic blood pressure before sleep, degree of alcohol drinking, frequency of breath-holding during sleep, degree of dry mouth during sleep, sleep apnea score), the patients with RDI above 20 could be discriminated in 92.8% sensitivity. In case of more than two among six parameters(neck circumference of above 40cm, systolic blood pressure of above 125mmHg, frequent alcohol drinking, frequent breath-holding during sleep, frequent dry mouth during sleep, sleep apnea score of above 35), same patients could be discriminated in 87.6% sensitivity. And, in case of more than one among four parameters(neck circumference of above 40cm. systolic blood pressure of above 125mmHg, frequent alcohol drinking, body weight of above 80kg), discrimination sensitivity was 83.5%. Conclusions : Patients with RDI above 20 could be discriminated by above parameters with high sensitivity. Therefore, the screening test using above parameters can be applied in selection of the patients with sleep apnea for PSG in practice.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2010

The study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metal in commercial herbal medicines (1047 samples of 132 species) which were collected from markets in Seoul and to analyze the contents of heavy metals of herbal medicines by classifying them by parts. The samples were digested using microwave method. The contents of heavy metal (Pb, Cd, and As) and Hg were determined using Inductively coupled plasma-Mass spectrometer (ICP/MS). And the contents of Hg were obtained by Mercury analyzer. The average values of heavy metal in herbal medicines were as follows [mean (minimum-maximum), mg/kg]; Pb 0.870 (ND-69.200), As 0.148 (ND-2.965), Cd 0.092 (ND-2.010), and Hg 0.007 (ND-0.B7). And the average values of heavy metal by parts in herbal medicines were as follows [mean (minimum-maximum), mg/kg]; Ramulus 2.046 (0.065-4.474), Herba 1.886 (0.048-10.404), Flos 1.874 (0.052-5.393), Cortex 1.377 (0.011-4.837), Radix 1.165 (0.012-70.111), Rhizoma 1.116 (0.016-5.490, Fructus 0.838 (0.017-4.527), Perithecium 0.729 (0.013-4.953), Semen 0.646 (0.006-4.416). The average values of heavy metal of imported herbal medicines except Radix were higher than domestic ones. By decoction of herbal medicines exceeding the tolerances, average intake rates of Pb, As, Cd and Hg were obtained as 6.1%, 40.3%, 4.7%, and 2.2%, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 1996

Preoperative and postoperative evaluation was done in 60 adult patients above 20 years of age among 152 patients, who had operation for the congenital atrial septal defect from January 1984 to June 1993 in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk National University Hospital. Anatomically, the secundum type defect was present In 58 cases and the other two were ostium primum type defect. The defect were closed directly in 45 cases and with patches in 15 cases. Preopera ive EKG findings revealed regular sinus rhythm in 81%, arrhythmia 19%, RVH 32%, RAD 30%, Postoperative findings were regular sinus rhythm in 76%, arrhythmia 24%, RVH 25%. RAD 25%. In hemodynamic data, the mean SPAP in patients over 40 years old was 41.91 $\pm$ 14.33mmHg compared to 31.46 $\pm$ 13.77 mmHg in patients under 40 years old, and the difference between the two groups was stastistically significant. And then the patients were classified into two groups (group A sinus group, and group B : arrhythmia group) according to their preoperative rhythm. The patients in group B were older, had greater value of mean SPAP and Rp/Rs. Mean Qp/qs was higher in group A. But the difference between two groups about the mean Qp/qs and Rp/Rs was not significant. Postoperative complications such as arrhythmia, pneumothorax or hemothorax occurred in 7 cases, but there was no operative mortality. The functional improvement were remarkable in half of the patients who underwent surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 1998

Primary lung cancer has recently increased progressively in its incidence in Korea. It is clearly evident that surgical resection offers the best offortunity for cure of non-small cell carcinoma. This study was designed to analyse the clinical data of 100 primary non-small cell carcinoma patients who underwent lung resection surgery from January 1992 to July 1995 at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Sugery, Kyungpook National University Hospital. There were 86 males and 14 females(6:1). In the age distribution, the peak incidence was recorded in the seventh decade(43%). The methods of tissue diagnosis were bronchoscopic biopsy in 53 patients(50.5%), percutaneous needle aspiration in 17 patients(16.2%), transbronchial lung biopsy in 11 patients(10.5%), mediastinoscopic biopsy in 2 patients (1.9%), sputum cytology in 2 patients(1.9%), and thoracotomy in 20 patients(19.0%). Fifty-five lobectomies, 22 pneumonectomies, 15 bilobectomies, 2 segmentectomies, 4 sleeve lobectomies, a sleeve pneumonectomy, and a wedge pneumonectomy were performed. Operative mortality occured in 4 cases(sepsis in 2 cases, respiratory failure in 1 case, and acute myocardiac infarction in 1 case). The histologic types of tumor were 67 squamous cell carcinomas, 26 adenocarcinomas, 6 large cell carcinomas, and an adenosquamous cell carcinoma. Eighteen patients with N2 mediastinal lymph node metastases had 8 squamous cell carcinomas(11.9%), 9 adenocarcinomas(34.6%), and a large cell carcinoma(16.7%). The primary tumors in these patients were in the right upper lobe in 4 patients, the right middle and lower lobe in 9 patients, the left upper lobe in 3 patients, and the left lower lobe in 2 patients. With regard to pathologic stages, 45 patients had stage I disease; 13 patients, stage II; 36 patients, stage IIIa; 5 patients, stage IIIb; and 1 patient, stage IV. The overall actuarial survival rate was 77.5% at 12 months, 56.1% at 24 months and 43.7% at 43 months. The actuarial survival rates at 43 months were 81.3% in Stage I, 20.8% in Stage II, 27.9% in Stage IIIa, 25.0% in Stage IIIb and 33.3% in Stage IV. These facts suggest that early detection and surgical resection are recommended for favorable postoperative survival in non-small cell lung cancer.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2003

To quantify nutrient loading from emergent macrophytes through leaching in the littoral zones of Paldang Reservoir, we conducted incubation experiments using leaf litter of the emergent macrophyte, Zizaniz latifolia. To separate the leaching process from microbial decay, we used $HgCl_2$ to suppress microbial activity during the experiment. We measured electric conductivity, absorbance at 280nm, total nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, Na, K, Mg and Ca amounts in leaf litter and in water. In addition, we examined the effects of water temperature and ion concentrations of ambient water on the leaching process. A total of 6% of the initial ash-free dry mass of leaf litter was lost due to leaching during incubation (four days). Electric conductivity and A280 continued to increase and saturate during the incubation. To compare reaching rates of different nutrients, we fitted leaching dynamics with a hyperbolic saturation function [Y=AㆍX/(B+X)]. From these fittings, we found that ratios of leaching amounts to nutrient concentration in the litter were in the order of K > Na > Mg > P > Ca > N. Leaching from leaf litter of Z. latifolia was dependent on water temperature while it was not related with ion concentrations in the ambient water. Our results suggest that the leaching process of nutrients, especially phosphorus, from aquatic macrophytes provides considerable contribution to the eutrophication of the Paldang Reservoir ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.160-168
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• 2004

We investigate the effects of solutal convection on the crystal growth rate in a horizontal configuration for diffusive-convection conditions and purely diffusion conditions achievable in a low gravity environment for a nonlinear thermal gradient. It is concluded that the solutally-driven convection due to the disparity in the molecular weights of the component A $(Hg_2Br_2)$ and B (CO) is stronger than thermally-driven convection for both the nonlinear and the linear thermal profiles, corresponding to $Gr_t= 8.5{\times}10^3,\; Gr_s = 1.05{\times}10^5$. For both solutal and thermal convection processes, the growth rates for the linear thermal profile (conducting walls) are greater than for the nonlinear case. With the temperature humps, there are found to be observed in undersaturation for diffusive-convection processes ranging from $D_{AB}$ = 0.087 to 0.87. For the vertical configurations, the diffusion mode is so much dominated that the growth rate and interfacial distribution is nearly regardless of the gravitational accelerations. Also, the diffusion mode is predominant over the convection for the gravity levels less than 0.1 $g_0$ for the horizontally oriented configuration.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.35-38
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• 2004

Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by a protozoa of the genus leishmania and transmitted by sandfly. We report the first case of visceral leishmanaisis in Korea. The patient was a one-year-old girl admitted with the symptoms of fever, abdominal distension. pancytopenia, and purpura. She traveled to Argentina 5 months ago, and has had symptoms such as fever and pale appearance. Laboratory findings were: WBC, 12.680/$mm^3$; Hg, 3.7g/dL; platelet, 100K; total bilirubin, 1.2mg/dL; AST/ALT, 48/10 U/L. CT scan and MRI showed hepato-splenomegaly. On laparotomy, excision of an accessory spleen and splenic hilar lymph nodes were performed. Many amastigotes were microscopically identified in histiocytes from the biopsy tissues. Sodium stibogluconate was administrated for 2 weeks, which did not relieve the symptoms. After administration of the additional Amphotericin B for 3 weeks, symptoms were improved.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 1995

Methanol assimilating yeast, Hansenula sp. MS-364 that has high productivity with methanol as carbon and energy source has been preserved at dept. of Microbiological engineering. Purification and properties of alcohol oxidase (E.C.1.1.3.13: oxygen oxidoreductase) were investigated in the methanol assimilating yeast, Hansenula sp. MS-364. Alcohol oxidase is related to the catalytic reaction that degrades alcohol to aldehyde and peroxide. The methanol oxidizing enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography and gel filtration on Sepharose 6B from cell-free extract. The purified enzyme preparation gave a single band in the sodium dodesyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be about 576,000 and molecular weight of subunit was also calculated to be 72,000. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme reaction were pH 7.5 and 37$\circ$C, respectively. The enzyme was unstable in acidic pH and higher temperature. The enzyme was not specific for methanol and also oxidized lower primary alcohols. The Km value for methanol was 2.5 mM and that for ethanol was 1.66 mM. The enzyme was heavily inhibited by metal ions such as Hg$^{2+}$, Ag$^{2+}$, Cu$^{2+}$. The high concentration of EDTA and sulfhydryl reagents strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. The component of coenzyme was determined to flavin adenine dinucleotide.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2010

The distribution of ambient air particles varies according to climate, industries, and other sources. In this study, ambient air particles (less than 12.1 ${\mu}m$) were monitored from February to August, 2007 as 12 different fractions sorted by a cascade impactor. Particles in the size range from 0.33 ${\mu}m$ to 0.76 ${\mu}m$ comprised the main fraction of ambient air particles in Seoul, Korea. On the day of an Asian dust event, the particle fraction size increased to 1.25~2.5 ${\mu}m$. The different sized particle fractions were also monitored for metals and were found to contain toxic heavy metals including Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr and As. Particle preparations were significantly cytotoxic when exposed to cultured BEAS-2B cells. Microarray analysis of the treated cells indicated a significant up-regulation of a number of genes associated with oxidative stress, including metallothionein, heme oxygenase-1, heat shock protein 70, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-1.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2013

Special attention in the role of convection in vapor crystal growth has been paid since some single crystals under microgravity environments less than 1 $g_0$ exhibits a diffusive-convection mode and much uniformity in front of the crystal regions than a normal gravity acceleration of 1 $g_0$. The total molar fluxes show asymmetrical patterns in interfacial distribution, which indicates the occurrence of either one single or more than one convective cell. As the gravitational level decreases form 1 $g_0$ down to $1.0{\times}10^{-4}\;g_0$, the intensity of convection, indicative of the maximum molar fluxes, is reduced significantly for ${\Delta}T=30K$ and 90 K. The total molar fluxes decay first order exponentially with the partial pressure of component B, PB (Torr) for 20 Torr ${\leq}PB{\leq}$ 300 Torr, and two gravity accelerations of $g_y=1\;g_0$ and 0.1 $g_0$.