• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.228-231
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• 2015

We investigated the adsorption structures and the initial growth mode of ultra-thin Al films on a W(110) surface at a high temperature. When Al atoms were adsorbed on the W(110) at the substrate temperature of 1100 K and with coverage of 0.5ML, Al atoms formed a p($2{\times}1$) double-domain structure. When the coverage was 1.0 ML, the double domain of a hexagonal structure (fcc(111) face) rotated ${\pm}5^{\circ}$ from the [100] direction of the W(110) surface and another distorted hexagonal structure were found. Low-energy electron diffraction results along with ion scattering spectroscopy results showed that the Al atoms followed the Volmer-Weber growth mode at a high temperature.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1091-1097
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• 2014

Tageteserecta flower like zinc oxide nanostructures composed of hexagonal nanorods were synthesized via sonochemical method at room temperature. The synthesized nanomaterials exhibited wurtzite hexagonal phase structure with the single crystalline nature. The diameter of the individual nanorods that constitute the flower shaped zinc oxide structures is in the range of 120-160 nm. The sonication time effectively determined the morphological properties of the prepared materials. The catalytic activity of prepared zinc oxide nanostructures towards N-formylation reactions were evaluated without any surface modification and the nanostructures exhibited good reaction yield with the prompt recyclability behavior.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.301-307
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• 2014

We have fabricated $SnO_2$/Zn core-shell nanowires by employing a sputtering technique with a Zn target. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the nanowires became rougher by the coating. X-ray diffraction of the coated nanowires exhibited the hexagonal Zn diffraction peaks. TEM image of coated structures showed that shell layer was mainly comprised of hexagonal Zn phase. EDX spectra suggested that the shell layer consisted of Zn elements. The photoluminescence spectrum of the coated nanowires in conjunction with Gaussian fitting analysis revealed that the emission was disconvoluted with three Gaussian functions, which are centered at 2.1 eV in the yellow region, 2.4 eV in the green region, and 3.3 eV in the ultraviolet region. We speculated the possible mechanisms of these emission peaks.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 1994

Perovskite-type mixed oxides LaBO$_3$(B = Mn, Fe, Co) were prepared by citrate sol-gel method in $air(850^{\circ}C$, 24h). The oxygen stoichiometries and structures of these oxides were determined by XRD and TPR results as followings; LaMnO$_{3.16}$(a = 5.507, c = 13.329 $\AA$, hexagonal), LaFeO$_{3.17}$(a = 5.554, b = 5.555, c = 7.863 $\AA$, orthorhomibic), LaCoO$_{3.0}$(a = 5.436, c = 13.095 $\AA$, hexagonal). The temperature programmed reduction(TPR) experiments in static 300 torr H$_2$ atmosphere shows that the reduction reaction of LaBO$_3$(B = Mn, Fe, Co) proceeds into two stages, and thermal stabilities of these oxides decreased in the order of LaMnO$_3$ > LaFeO$_3$ > LaCoO$_3$. According to the kinetic analysis the lowest activation energy was obtained for LaCoO$_3$.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.539-551
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• 2023

In order to study the fire resistance of castellated composite beams with ortho-hexagonal holes and different beam-end restraints, temperature rise tests with constant load were conducted on full-scale castellated composite beams with ortho-hexagonal holes and hinge or rigid joint constraints to investigate the temperature distribution, displacement changes and failure patterns of castellated composite beams with two different beam-end constraints during the whole course of fire. The results show that (1) During the fire, the axial pressure and horizontal expansion deformation generated in the rigid joint constrained composite beam were larger than those in the hinge joint constrained castellated composite beam, and their maximum horizontal expansion displacements were 30.2 mm and 17.8 mm, respectively. (2) After the fire, the cracks on the slab surface of the castellated composite beam with rigid joint constraint were more complicated than hinge restraint, and the failure more serious; the lower flange and web at the ends of the castellated steal beams with hinge and rigid joint constraint produced serious local buckling, and the angles of the ortho-hexagonal holes at the support cracked; the welds at both ends of the castellated composite beam with rigid joint constraint cracked. (3) Based on the simplified calculation method of solid-web composite beam, considering the effect of holes on the web, this paper calculated the axial force and displacement of the beam-end constrained castellated composite beams under fire. The calculation results agreed well with the test results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.89 no.6
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• pp.557-570
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• 2024

Due to interfacial ageing, chemical action and interfacial damage, the interface debonding may appear in the interfaces of composite laminates. Particularly, the laminates display a side-dependent effect at small scale. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) and anisotropic thick nanoplate model is proposed to investigate the effects of imperfect interface and nonlocal parameter on the bending deformation, vibrational response and buckling stability of one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal quasicrystal (QC) layered nanoplates. By combining the linear spring model with the transferring matrix method, exact solutions of phonon and phason displacements, phonon and phason stresses of bending deformation, the natural frequencies of vibration and the critical buckling loads of 1D hexagonal QC layered nanoplates are derived with imperfect interfaces and nonlocal effects. Numerical examples are illustrated to demonstrate the effects of the imperfect interface parameter, aspect ratio, thickness, nonlocal parameter, and stacking sequence on the bending deformation, the vibrational response and the critical buckling load of 1D hexagonal QC layered nanoplate. The results indicate that both the interface debonding and nonlocal effect can reduce the stiffness and stability of layered nanoplates. Increasing thickness of QC coatings can enhance the stability of sandwich nanoplates with the perfect interfaces, while it can reduce first and then enhance the stability of sandwich nanoplates with the imperfect interfaces. The biaxial compression easily results in an instability of the QC layered nanoplates compared to uniaxial compression. QC material is suitable for surface layers in layered structures. The mechanical behavior of QC layered nanoplates can be optimized by imposing imperfect interfaces and controlling the stacking sequence artificially. The present solutions are helpful for the various numerical methods, thin nanoplate theories and the optimal design of QC nano-composites in engineering practice with interfacial debonding.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.130-135
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• 2007

The mechanical characteristics of three types of core with two-dimensional isotropic patterns-triangular, hexagonal and starcell-were studied in applications to sandwich structures. The Young's modulus and shear modulus were calculated for the three core types in the direction normal to the faces. The compressive buckling strength and shear buckling strength were calculated by modeling each cell wall of the core as a plate under compressive or shear load. To verify this model, tests were conducted on scaled specimens to measures the compressive buckling strength of each core. The bending flexibilities of the three cores were also studied. Compliances for the three cores were measured using biaxial flexural tests. The three isotropic core patterns exhibited distinct characteristics. In the direction normal to the faces, all three cores had the same stiffness. However, the starcell core exhibited high flexibility compared to the other cores, indicating potential for application to curved sandwich structures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.191.1-191.1
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• 2014

Crystallization has become the most popular technique for the separation of enantiomers since the Pasteur's discovery. To investigate mechanism of crystallization of chiral molecules, it is necessary to study self-assembled structures on two-dimensional surface. Here, we have studied two-dimensional self-assembled structures of an unnatural amino acid, (S)-${\beta}$-methyl naphthalen-1-${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (${\gamma}^2$-1-naphthylalanine) on Au(111) surface at 150 K using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). At initial stage, we found two chiral honeycomb structures which are counter-clockwise and clockwise configurations in one domain. The molecules are arranged around molecular vacancies, dark hole. By further increasing the amounts of adsorbed ${\gamma}^2$-1-naphthylalanine, a well-ordered square packed structure was observed. In addition, we found the other structure that molecules were trapped in the pore of the hexagonal molecular assembly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.463-463
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• 2013

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of ZnO:Ga nano-structures deposited on Au/SiNx/Si(001) by radio-frequency sputtering. The effect of the temperature on the microstructure of the as-grown ZnO:Ga thin films was examined. The growth mode of ZnO:Ga nano-structures can be explained by the profile coating, i.e. the ZnO nano-structures were formed with a morphological replica of Au seeds. Initially, the ZnO:Ga nano-structures were overgrown on top of Au nano-crystals. Small ZnO:Ga nano-dots were then nucleated on hexagonal ZnO:Ga discs.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.528-543
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• 2005

Statement of problem: Repeated delivery and removal of abutment cause some changes such as wear, scratch or defect of hexagonal structure. It may increase the value of rotational freedom(RF) between hexagonal structures. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface changes and rotational freedom between the external hexagon of the implant fixture and internal hexagon of abutment after repeated delivery and removal under SEM and toolmaker's microscope. Materials and methods: Implant systems used for this study were 3i and Avana. Seven pail's of implant fixture, abutment and abutment screws for each system were selected and all fixtures were perpendicularly mounted in liquid unsaturated polyesther with dental surveyor. Each one was embedded beneath the platform of fixture. Surfaces of hexagonal structure before repeated closing and opening of abutment were observed using SEM and rotational freedom was measured by using toolmaker's microscope. Each abutment was secured to the implant future by each abutment screw with recommended torque value using a digital torque controller and was repeatedly delivered and removed by 20 times respectively. After experiment, evaluation for the change of hexagonal structures and measurement of rotational freedom were performed. Result : The results were as follows; 1. Wear of contact area between implant fixture and abutment was considerable in both 3i and Avana system. Scratches and defects were frequently observed at the line-angle of hexagonal structures of implant fixture and abutment. 2. In the SEM view of the external hexagon of implant fixture, the point-angle areas at the corner edge of hexagon were severely worn out in both systems. It was more notable in the case of 3i systems than in that of Avana systems. 3. In the SEM view of the internal hexagon of abutment, Gingi-Hue abutment of 3i systems showed severe wear in micro-stop contacts that were machined into the corners to prevent rotation and cemented abutment of Avana systems showed wear in both surface area adjacent to the corner mating with external hexagon of implant fixture. 4 The mean values of rotational freedom between the external hexagon of the implant fixture and internal hexagon of abutment were 0.48$\pm$0.04$^{\circ}$ in pre-tested 3i systems and 1.18$\pm$0.25$^{\circ}$ after test, and 1.80$\pm$0.04$^{\circ}$ in pre-tested Avana systems and 2.61$\pm$0.16$^{\circ}$ after test. 5. Changes of rotational freedom after test shouted statistical)y a significant increase in both 3i and Avana systems(P<0.05, paired t-test). 6. Statistically, there was no significant difference between amount of increase in the rotational freedom of 3i systems and amount of increase in that of Avana ones(P>0.05, unpaired t-test). Conclusion: Conclusively, it was considered that repeated delivery and remove of abutment by 20 times would not have influence on screw joint stability. However, it caused statistically the significant change of rotational freedom in tested systems. Therefore, it is suggested that repeated delivery and remove of abutment should be minimal as possible as it could be and be done carefully Additionally, it is suggested that the means or treatment to prevent the wear of mating components should be devised.