• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1982

In the present communication, the results will be reported on a clinical study of how well scintigraphic visualization of the hepatobiliary elements and several commonly used clinical liver function tests correlate each other in various diseases oft hepatobiliary system. The demonstrability of the biliary tract, gallbladder (GB) and duodenum was rather closely paralleled to serum bilirubin level and less closely to alkaline phosphatase and rather poorly to SGOT and SGPT. The biliary tree could not be visualized scintigraphically when bilirubin exceeded 10.5mg/dl. The usefulness of Tc-99m EHIDA [N-(2,6-diethylacetanilido) iminodiacetic acid, made by Amersham, England] hepatobiliary scintigraphy (Tc EHIDA HBS) in settling diagnostic controversy and ambiguity raised by oral cholecystography, intravenous cholangiography and ultrasonography in many hepatobiliary diseases is well known. The purpose of this investigation was to semiquantitatively evaluate the scintigraphic demonstrability of the hepatobiliary tract, GB and duodenum following intravenous injection of Tc-99m EHIDA in normal subjects and in patients with a disturbed liver function from various hepatobiliary diseases. The hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed in 10 normal subjects and 39 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases (Table 1) at the Dept. of Radiology, St. Mary's Hospital Catholic Medical College, Seoul, Korea during 2 years period from September 1979. Scintigraphic examination was started at end of 3 minutes after intravenous injection of Tc-99m EHIDA in the amount of $50{\mu}Ci/kg$ and was continued until after 30 minutes at 5 minutes interval. The imaging was usually terminated when the tracer could be seen in the duodenum. Late scintigrams were obatained at 1 1/2, 3, 4 and 6 hours when reeded. Scintigrams were analyzed in terms of promptness and clarity of visualization of the biliary tree, GB and duodenum and demonstrability of these anatomical landmarks was correlated with the values of liver function tests. The demonstrability of the common hepatic duct, common bile duct, GB and duodenum was closely paralleled to the level of serum bilirubin when it is less than 10.5 mg/dl as shown in figure 1. However when the bilirubin exceeded 10.5 mg/dl the time of visualization between protracted reaching a flat curve or plateau around 10.5 mg/dl. The biliary tract could not be visualized when the bilirubin was higher than 10.5 mg/dl. The correlability between scintigraphic demonstration and serum alkaline phosphatase was less strong and between scintigraphic demonstration and SGOT and SGPT was rather poor. The present clinical study confirmed the usefulness and limitation of Tc-99m EHIDA hepatobiliary scintigraphy in visulizing and diagnosing the biliary system and duodenum when radiogrpahy and ultrasonography failed to provide useful informations. Scintigraphy was very helpful in the diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis, biliary atresia, cholecystitis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The hepatobiliary system and duodenum were visualized when serum bilirubin level was less than 10.5 mg/dl, SGOT 135 units, SGPT 114 units and alkaline phosphatase 52.2 KAU.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.2185-2190
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• 2013

Gallbladder carcinoma, the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract system, has always been considered to feature late clinical presentation and diagnosis, limited treatment options and an extremely poor prognosis. In recent years, while the incidence of gallbladder cancer has appeared to be on the increase, the available treatment methods have not greatly improved survival of the affected patients. Thus, exploring new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease is an urgent matter at present. Epidemical studies have demonstrated that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma exhibits a distinct gender bias, affecting females two to three times more than males, pointing to crucial roles of estrogen. It is well known that estrogen acts on target tissues by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), which are mainly divided into three subtypes, $ER{\alpha}$, $ER{\beta}$ and $ER{\gamma}$. $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$ appear to have overlapping but also unique even opposite biological effects. As important pathogenic mediators, ERs have been considered to relate to several kinds of tumors. In gallbladder carcinoma tissue, ERs have been shown to be positively expressed, and ERs expression levels are associated with differentiation and prognosis of this cancer. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of estrogen inducing growth of gallbladder carcinoma remain poorly understood. On the base of the current investigations, we deduce that estrogen participates in promotion of gallbladder carcinoma by influencing the formation of gallstones, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting abnormal proliferation. Since ERs mediate the carcinogenic actions of estrogen in gallbladder, and therapy targeting ERs may provide new directions for gallbladder carcinoma. Therefore, it should be stressed that ERs are potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder carcinoma.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.100-102
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• 2018

A nine-year-old spayed female Turkish angora cat presented for evaluation of anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, ptyalism and jaundice. Based on clinical examinations including laboratory examinations, concurrent inflammatory condition of the biliary system, pancreas and intestines (triaditis) was suspected. The cat was under antibiotic and immune-suppressive therapy, but there was no response. Further examination revealed the possibility of malignant hepatobiliary tumor with pulmonary metastasis. The condition of the cat continued to deteriorate and the cat died 3 weeks after the diagnosis. This case demonstrates the clinical findings of triaditis combined with suspected malignant hepatobiliary tumor.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.1149-1161
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• 2022

Purpose: This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the clinical effects of Injinho-tang on hyperbilirubinemia in hepatobiliary disorders. Methods: We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials that had administered Injinho-tang as an intervention in the following medical databases: Public/Publisher MEDLINE (PubMed), Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Cochrane library, Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), ScienceON, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Among the retrieved studies, only trials that met the inclusion criteria were selected, and serum total bilirubin values were extracted and analyzed from the finally selected trials. Results: The serum total bilirubin values of 1,302 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases were synthesized through a meta-analysis, which confirmed a decrease in serum total bilirubin of 21.03 𝜇mol/L (95% CI -29.58~-12.49, p<0.01) in the group administered with Injinho-tang compared with the control group. Conclusions: Injinho-tang is effective in alleviating hyperbilirubinemia in hepatobiliary diseases when administered with conventional treatment. However, the potential risk of bias, high heterogeneity among the included trials, and differences in herbal composition are limitations of the results of this meta-analysis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2009

목 적: 경제 및 위생 상태의 개선, 의학 기술의 발달로 최근 질병양상은 변화를 보이고 있다. 이에 저자들은 의료의 질 관리가 이루어지고 있는 전국 수련 병원에서 영유아 및 소아 청소년 입원 환자를 대상으로 우리 나라 영유아 및 소아 청소년에서 간 담도 질환의 현황 연구를 수행하였다. 방 법: 연구는 전국 85개 수련 병원에서 2004년 1월 1일부터 2006년 12월 31일까지 입원했던 진료과에 관계없이 만 18세 이하를 대상으로 ICD-10 진단 체계를 사용한 대한소아과학회와 건강증진사업단에서 시행한 영유아 및 소아청소년 입원 질환의 중장기 변화 추세 조사 및 감시 체계 구축 방안을 위한 기초 연구에서 간담도 질환자를 분류해서 MS 액세스, MS 엑셀, STATA 10.0을 사용해 자료 분석을 하였다. 결 과: 간담도 질환을 앓았던 환자는 총 4,151명으로 전체 환자의 5.0%를 차지했다. 간담도 질환 중 간염 환자가 2,385명으로 전체 간담도 환자 중 57.4%를 차지 하면서 가장 많았으며, 그 다음으로 담도폐쇄증 및 총담관낭을 포함한 선천성 간담도 질환이 524명으로 12.6%를 차지하였다. 연령별로는 신생아기에는 선천질환이 많다가 학동기에는 A형 및 B형 간염의 비율이 증가하였다. 그리고 간 담도 수술은 청소년기, 영아기에 가장 많았다. 연도별 간담도 질환의 평균 재원일수는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으나 감소하는 추세를 보였고, 재원 환자수는 차이가 현저하지 않았다. 최근 유병률이 증가하고 있는 A형 간염의 경우 연중 6, 7, 8월에 가장 많았다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 저자들은 퇴원 기록을 바탕으로 영유아 및 소아청소년에서의 간담도 질환의 현황 및 입원 질병부담에 대해 기술하였다. 최근의 소아청소년 간담도 입원 질환 중에서 급성 A형 간염 비중의 급격한 증가는 보다 적극적인 예방 대책이 필요함을 시사한다. 소아청소년 간담도 질환의 경우 그 빈도가 많지 않아 단순 조사로는 역학 자료를 얻기 어려우므로 국가 주도의 체계적인 감시 시스템 구축이 필요하다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.391-394
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• 2005

N-(3-bromo-2,4,6-trimethylacetanilide)iminodiacetic acid (BrTIDA) was synthesized using nitrilotriacetic anhydride prepared in situ, and lyophilized vials were prepared which contained 20 mg of BrTIDA and 0.4 mg of $SnCl_2$. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the in-house prepared lyophilized kit, a technetium-99m complex of BrTIDA was prepared; its in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior was evaluated via animal studies to assess the hepatocytic function and the functional status of the cystic duct and the gallbladder. Serial static image scans of rabbits and the biodistribution in mice injected with $^{99m}Tc-BrTIDA$ revealed that none of the tissues except for the hepatobiliary system showed radioactivity concentrations, and a rapid clearance from the organs was observed. In conclusion, a lyophilized kit and its prepared $^{99m}Tc-BrTIDA$ can be applied as a hepatobiliary imaging agent for the evaluation of the functional status of the hepatocytes and the patency of the biliary duct.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4843-4845
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• 2012

Cancer is now a worldwide problem. Although we have obtained a deeper understanding of the disease with the help of the science and technology, we still cannot reach the essence of cancer. Based on the former theory of carcinogenic and researches, we submit a new theory called "Spatial -Temporal Biphasic Carcinogenesis" to explain its development from the viewpoints of time and space.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.370-376
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• 2005

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3747-3752
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• 2014

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common carcinoma of the biliary system. Among its research models, orthotopic xenograft models, important research tools, have been rarely reported in the literature however. Aim: To explore establishment of an orthotopic xenograft model and to evaluate the advantage and disadvantage as compared with other models. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic xenograft models of gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice were established and compared with human gallbladder carcinomas. Results: For the orthotopic xenograft model and clinical gallbladder carcinomas, the lymph node metastatic rates were 69.2% and 53.3% (p>0.05); ascites generation rates, 38.5% and 11.7%(p<0.05); liver invasive rates, 100% and 61.7%(p<0.05); and lymphatic vessel densities (LVD), $10.4{\pm}3.02$ and $8.77{\pm}2.92$ (p>0.05), respectively. In the subcutaneous xenograft model, no evidence of ascites generation, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis were found, and its LVD was lower ($4.56{\pm}1.53$, p<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with the subcutaneous xenograft model, the orthotopic xenograft model better simulates clinical gallbladder carcinoma in terms of metastasis and invasion, which may be attributed to the difference in microenvironment and LVD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권3호
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• pp.261-265
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• 2011

Cholethorax is a bilious pleural effusion caused by a pleurobiliary fistula or leakage of bile into the pleural space. Most cases of cholethorax arise from a complication of abdominal trauma, hepatobiliary infection, or invasive procedures or surgery of hepatobiliary system. However, we experienced a case of a patient with cholethorax of unknown origin. There was no evidence of pleurobiliary fistula or leakage of bile from the hepatobiliary system although we examined the patient with various diagnostic tools including chest and abdominal computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, tubography, bronchofiberscopy, hepatobiliary scintigraphy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Herein we report a case of cholethorax for which the specific cause was not identified. The patient was improved by percutaneous drainage of pleural bile.