• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 2018

Paeoniae Radix has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases including hepatic disease. However, the inhibitory effect of Paeoniae Radix on intestinal inflammation has not been fully understood yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Paeoniae Radix on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice. To investigate the protective effects of Paeoniae Radix, the colitis mice were induced by drinking water containing 5% dextran sulfate sodium for 7 days. Mice were randomized into groups receiving Paeoniae Radix (100 mg/kg), sulfasalazine (150 mg/kg) as a positive control, or water as a negative control. We evaluated the effects of Paeoniae Radix on clinical signs induced by dextran sulfate sodium, measuring weight loss, colon length, and disease activity index. Additionally, to find a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of Paeoniae Radix, we evaluated the effects of Paeoniae Radix on the interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in colitis tissue. The results indicated that mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium showed measurable clinical signs, including weight loss and reduced colon length. However, Paeoniae Radix treatment significantly improved the weight loss and disease activity index as clinical symptoms. Moreover, Paeoniae Radix inhibited the interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels in colon tissues treated with dextran sulfate sodium. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that Paeoniae Radix may be useful for treating intestinal inflammation, including ulcerative colitis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2018

Objectives : Liver disease is an inflammatory reaction caused by oxidative stress, viral, alcohol, and drug properties. Inflammatory reaction causes hepatitis and chronic hepatitis is persistent, it progresses to liver fibrogenesis and liver cancer. The aim of this study was to confirm the hepatoprotective effect of Tongyuhwalhyeol-tang(Tongqiaohuoxue Decoction) (TH) and Gamtongyuhawlhyeol-tang(GTH) in TAA-induced liver injury animal model. Methods : The antioxidant activities were evaluated through in vitro experiments, such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content measurement. To confirm the liver protective effect, induced by Thioacetamide (TAA) for 3 days injection at 200 mg/kg rats. TH and GTH were treated 3 days at 200 mg/kg/day. The changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), alanine aminotransferanse (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were analyzed after experiment. Also, expression of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant related proteins were investigated by western blot analysis. Results : TH was inhibited the antioxidant activities. In the TAA-induced rat, TH decreased ROS, $ONOO^-$, ALT, AST level in serum. Inflammation related protein expressions increased in TAA-induced rat compared to normal rat. However, TH group inhibited the down expression of these proteins. Also, anti-oxidant related protein expressions increased in TH group compared TAA-induced rat. Conclusion : Therefor, these results suggested that TH provided hepatoprotective effects on the hepatic injury leading to the reduction of inflammatory response. In addition, the effect of TH was superior to that of GTH.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 1998

Choledochal cyst is rare in the western countries, but common in oriental countries. Complicatioins include ascending cholangitis, recurrent pancreatities, progressive biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension, stone formation and later malignant transformation. Bile peritonitis secondary to rupture is one of the rarest complications, with an incidence of 1.8 % to 18 %. The anomalous arrangement of the pancreatobiliary ductal system with a long common channel may cause inflammation leading to perforation of the cyst. The authors found 4 cases (14.2 %) of bile peritonitis among 28 cases of choledochal cyst treated from Jan. 1983 to Jan. 1998. The patients ages ranged from 6 months to 3 years and three were female. The perforation sites were located on the common bile duct at its junction with the cystic duct in 2 cases, the distal cyst wall in 1 case and the left hepatic duct at its junction with cyst in 1 case. The types of choledochal cysts by Todani's classification were Type IVa in 3 cases and type I in 1 case. By the new Komi's classification utilizing operative cholangiogram there were 2 cases of Type Ia, 1 case of type IIb and 1 case of type III. One stage cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy(Roux-en Y type) was done in 3 cases, and two staged operation in 1 case. All patients had an uneventful course postoperatively. The average day of discharge was 9.8th postoperatively. In conclusion, primary excision of the choledochal cyst and biliary reconstruction is a safe and effective treatment of ruptured choledochal cyst in infants.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2013

Cholestatic liver is associated with hepatic inflammation and elevated proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies indicate that certain cytokines can modulate bile secretion. In the present study, we have examined the role of interleukin (IL-2) on the bile secretion by a combination of study models. To examine the relevance of IL-2 on bile secretion, the expression of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) of isolated normal and bile duct ligated (BDL) rats cholangiocytes was first measured by RT-PCR. In BDL rats, the expression of IL-2 and IL-2R was significantly increased compared with normal rats. To study the effect of IL-2 on bile secretion, bile flow was measured in normal and BDL rats. At the level of cholangiocytes, secretory responses of isolated bile duct unit (IBDU)s were quantified by videomicroscopy. The administrations of IL-2 had no significant effect on basal bile secretion in normal and BDL rats. There was no significant effect of IL-2 on basal bile ductular secretion as evidenced by no significant difference in luminal area of the IBDUs perfusedwith 100 pM of IL-2 from those of albumin carrier control. However, the secretin-stimulated bile ductular secretion was significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited by $34{\pm}4%$ (normal, n = 12), $21{\pm}5.3%$ (BDL 2 wk, n = 12) and $15{\pm}5.2%$ (BDL 4 wk, n = 12) with the co-administration of IL-2. As with other cytokines, physiologically relevant concentration of IL-2 can significantly inhibit secretin-stimulated bile ductular secretion. These findings support the important roles of cytokines in modulating bile secretion and may contribute to the cholestasis seen in cholestatic liver diseases.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2017

Side stream cigarette smoke (SSCS) is known to be as harmful and hazardous to human health as is active smoking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the exposure to SSCS and its stimulatory and subacute effects on the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A methionine and choline-deficient plus high fat (MCDHF) diet was administered to C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. During the first three weeks of MCDHF diet feeding, each diet group was exposed to SSCS (0, 20, $40{\mu}g/L$) or fresh air for 2 hrs per day and 5 days per week. Additional experiments were performed by increasing the concentration (0, 30, $60{\mu}g/L$) and exposure time (6 hours per day) of SSCS. According to histopathologic analysis and serum levels of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), there were no differences in hepatic fat deposition, fibrosis, apoptosis or liver damage in MCDHF-fed mice based on SSCS exposure. There were also no differences in the expression of inflammation-, oxidative stress- or fibrosis-related genes between MCDHF-fed mice with or without SSCS exposure. Therefore, it is concluded that SSCS with current exposure amounts does not have additive detrimental effects on the early stage of NASH.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2006

Objectives : Induction of CYP2E1 by ethanol is believed to be one of the major mechanism by which ethanol generate a state of oxidative stress. Previous studies showed that treatment with Chungganhaeju-tang prevents hepatic inflammation and apoptosis in alcoholic liver disease. The purpose of our study is to determine if Chungganhaeju-tang can also protect against alcohol-induced cytotoxicity in CYP2E1-transfected HepG2 cells. Materials and Methods : CYP2E1-transfected HepG2 cells and control vector-transfected HepG2 cells were exposed for isx hours to Chungganhaeju-tang, and then 50 mM of ethanol was added and left for two days. Results : Ethanol significantly decreased cell viability in CYP2E1-transfected HepG2 cells and increased apoptosis. These alterations were attenuated by Chungganhaeju-tang. This was accompanied by an improvement of NF-${\kappa}B$ and Akt activation. Conclusion : These results suggest that Chungganhaeju-tang exerts inhibitory effect against the cytotoxicity induced by alcohol in CYP2E1-transfected HepG2 cells, and that this is a protective action due, at least in part, to an activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ that plays a key role in the protection mechanism, and in reducing hepatotoxic cytokine gene expression.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1346-1351
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• 2007

Crohn' disease is an auto-immune disease characterized by intermittent chronic diarrhea, high fever, weight loss, abdominal spastic pain or abdominal discomfort which is followed by granulomatous necrosis and cicatrical inflammation. It is also called segmental enteritis or granulomatous enteritis. In western medicine the exact cause is undefined, however it is presumed as an immunological unbalance in alimentary tract commoonly occured in ileum portion of small intestitine or ascending colon and therefore immuno suppressive agents(usually steroids) and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. In case of emergency such as ileus, perforation of intestinal wall surgical methods are considered. In oriental medicine this falls under the category of diarrhea(泄瀉), dysentery(痢疾), splenic diarrhea(脾泄). As to the pathological mechanism the abnormal ascending and descending circulation of stomach and splenic energy(脾不升淸, 胃不下降) the hepatic stagnation(肝鬱氣滯) and dysfunction of small intestine in expelling urine and feces(小陽淸獨不利) all together causes such condition. Main treatments are inducing diuresis(利小便), warming kindey to reinforce yang(溫賢助陽), nourishing the middle energy to invigorate spleen(補中健脾), elimination of the dampness by cooling(淸熱燥濕). In this case the patient was diagnosed as soyangyin(少陽人) constitution and herb medicine soyangyin Hyongbangjihwan-tang(少陽人 荊防地黃湯), Sa-am acupuncture Sojangjeonggyeok(小腸政格) was applied. There was an significant improve in chief complaints and general conditions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.261-265
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• 2013

Scutellaria barbata D. Don (S. barbata), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used to treat cancers, inflammation, and urinary diseases. This study aimed to determine any protective effects of S. barbata crude extract (CE-SB) against rat liver tumorigenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Liver malfunction indices in serum were measured by biochemical examination. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to examine liver pathology. Contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in liver homogenates to evaluate oxidative stress. The levels of liver malfunction indices in the CE-SB groups, especially in the CE-SB high dose group, were lower than that of the model group (P<0.05). The results from histological examination indicated that the number of liver nodules in the CE-SB groups decreased compared with the model group (P<0.05). Content of MDA determined in liver was significantly decreased, and level of SOD elevated by CE-SB. CE-SB can inhibit experimental liver tumorigenesis and relieve hepatic injury in rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2010

This study was carried out to find whether phenidone (1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone), a cyclooxygenase as well as a lipoxygenase inhibitor, exhibits the preventive effect on carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_{4})-induced$ acute liver injury in rats. Rats were pretreated with phenidone at a dose of 50 or 200 mg/kg (p.o.) once daily for 3 consecutive days before $CCl_{4}$ administration. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production was determined as an index of lipid peroxidation in the liver and serum. The histopathological changes in the liver were also examined in each group. The reduction in body weights was significantly inhibited in the phenidone-treated group than in the $CCl_{4}$ control group. Significant increase in the relative liver weights of the phenidone-treated groups was observed compared with either the vehicle or $CCl_{4}$ groups. Elevation of serum AST and ALT activities occurred after $CCl_{4}$ treatment was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment with phenidone. The elevation of MDA levels in liver and serum were completely inhibited in phenidone-treated groups. The protective effects on phenidone-treated groups were confirmed histopathologically. These results suggest that phenidone may be a useful protector through modulation of hepatic inflammation in $(CCl_{4})-induced$ acute liver injury.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 1998

Methylmercury (MeHg), which is widely distributed in the environment, is well known for both its acute and chronic poisoning effects on the human health; however, the precise biochemical mechanisms by which this compound elicits its toxicity in a cellular level are still poorly understood. To examine whether MeHg-induced liver injury involves activation of Phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$), the $PLA_2$ activity of control and MeHg-administrated livers was measured. MeHg stably enhanced a liver form of cytosolic $PLA_2$ activity, which exhibited several biochemical properties similar to those of the 100 kDa $cPLA_2$, except in its elution profile of a DEAE-5PW HPLC, and it migrated as a molecular weight of 80 kDa in Western blot analysis. This blotting analysis also indicated that the MeHg-induced enhancement of the activity could be due to the increase in the amount of the enzyme protein rather than a stable modification of the enzyme such as phosphorylation. Our data also showed the higher myeloperoxidase activity in MeHg-administrated liver than in the control, suggesting that this increase in the amounts of the 80 kDa $PLA_2$ and its activity may be resulted from infiltration of neutrophils into the liver during a hepatic injury process such as MeHg-induced inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that MeHg-induced liver injury may be mediated by activation of the 80 kDa form of liver cytosolic $PLA_2$.