• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic analysis and to date guidance of European high heeled shoes in 18th century. The research was conducted by stylistic analysis of high heeled shoes from literature review and museums resource. 14 comparative study on shoe objects dating from 1600-1790 in the Museum at F.I.T., New York, Museum of Art, Boston and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York were selected. The result of this study are as follows: (1) The origin and development of high heeled shoes were accomplished by protection, social status and exaggeration of body, decoration and fashion. (2) According to the comparative study of Museum objects and literature, characteristic analysis of high heeled shoes from 1700-20s, 1730-40s, 1750-60s, 1770-89 and 1890-1900 were accomplished. (3) Significant elements of European women's shoes from 18th century that aid dating are identified as the presence of white rand, shape of tongue, heel shape and height, latchat, toe shape, color and materials.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate changes in lower extremity muscle activity caused by high heeled shoe wearing during normal, brisk, and upslope walking. Methods: Twenty healthy young women (age, $23.9{\pm}2.47$) participated in this study. Muscle activities of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, soleus, hamstring, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis while walking normally, walking briskly, and walking up a slope. Results: When walking normally, the peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus, and vastus lateralis evidenced higher activity when high-heeled shoes were worn (p<0.05). During brisk walking, the peroneus longus and gastrocnemius lateralis exhibited higher activity (p<0.05). Although the peroneus longus and vastus lateralis exhibited higher activity when walking up an incline with high-heeled shoes, the activity levels of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis were lower (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that increased heel height substantially reduces muscle effort when walking up a slope. From a therapeutic perspective, it is possible that using high heeled shoes over a short period might enhance muscle activity of ankle evertor, although it can cause mediolateral muscle imbalances in the lower extremities.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2015

This study aims the development of a semi-analytic method for the parametric roll of large containerships advancing in longitudinal waves. A 1.5 Degree-of-Freedom(DOF) model is proposed to account the change of transverse stability induced by wave elevations and vertical motions (heave and pitch). By approximating the nonlinearity of restoring moment at large heel angles, the magnitude of roll amplitude is predicted as well as susceptibility check for parametric roll occurrence. In order to increase the accuracy of the prediction, the relationship between righting arm(GZ) and metacentric height(GM) is examined in the presence of incident waves, and then a new formula is proposed. Based on the linear approximation of the mean and first harmonic component of GM, the equation of parametric roll in irregular wave excitations is introduced, and the computational results of the proposed model are validated by comparing those of weakly nonlinear simulation based on an impulse-response-function method combined with strip theory. The present semi-analytic doesn’ t require heavy computational effort, so that it is very efficient particularly when numerous sea conditions for the analysis of parametric roll should be considered.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2000

This research suggested a method by which the driver space can be designed to best accommodate the driver's anthropometric characteristics. Three-dimensional manikins and a variable seating buck were developed and used for this study. Manikins were designed with 18 links comprising the 95th percentile male and 5th percentile female data. The seating buck was built to create various driving environments using the distance and the height between the H-point(hip pivot) of the seat and the AHP(accelerator heel point), the angle of the back rest, the angle of the steering wheel, the vertical distance of the steering wheel, and the location of the T.G.S.(transmission gear shift) knob. Measurements of each variable were collected with a coordinate measuring machine by positioning the 3-D manikin under various combinations of the design factors of the seating buck, which was constructed based on mid-size domestic passenger cars. The data were then converted to the joint angles of the driver. The combination of the measurements for an optimal driving environment is suggested by applying sets of the joint angles at which the driver feels comfortable.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

본 연구는 장애물을 넘는 동안 장애물의 높이 변화가 보행 시 족저압에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실시하였으며 이를 위해 족저 최고 족저압과 최대 힘, 압력 중심의 이동 경로를 중심으로 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 근골격계에 문제가 없는 열여섯 명의 건강한 젊은 성인이 이 연구에 참여하여 맨발로 각각 평지, 10cm, 20cm 그리고 30cm의 장애물을 넘는 동안 입각기 발의 족저 최고 족저압과 최대 힘, 압력중심 이동경로를 측정하였다. 측정은 Tekscan사의 Footmat system을 이용하였으며, 대상자의 발을 일곱 개의 영역(두 개의 발가락 영역, 세 개의 전족부 영역, 한 개의 중족부와 후족부 영역)으로 나누어 수집한 자료를 일원배치분산분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 높이가 다른 여러 가지 장애물을 넘을 때, 입각기 동안 족저의 영역별 최고 족저압과 최대 힘은 발가락부위에서 유의하게 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었고 후족부위에서는 감소하였다. 그리고 장애물의 높이가 높아질수록 압력중심 이동경로가 짧아지면서 전족부에서 외전하는 경향을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 장애물 보행 시 장애물의 높이가 발의 구조와 기능에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

Background: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and affects daily activities such as walking. In the majority of the population, mild LLD is a common condition. Nevertheless, it is still controversy among researchers and clinicians on the effects of mild LLD during gait, and available studies have largely overlooked this issue. Objects: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of mild LLD on the gait parameters and trunk acceleration. Methods: A total of 15 female and male participants with no evidence of LLD of >.5 ㎝ participated in the present study. All participants walked under the following two conditions: (1) The non-LLD condition, where the participants walked in shoes of the same heel height; (2) A mild LLD condition induced by wearing a 1.5 ㎝ higher heel on the right shoe. The GAITRite system and tri-axial accelerometer were used to measure gait parameters and trunk acceleration. To compare the variation of each variable, a paired t-test was performed. Results: Compared to the non-LLD condition, step time and swing phase were significantly increased in the mild LLD condition, while stance phase, single support phase, and double support phase significantly decreased in the short limb (p<.05). In the long limb of the mild LLD condition, single support phase significantly increased, while swing phase significantly decreased (p<.05). Furthermore, significant decrease in the gait velocity and cadence in the mild LLD condition were observed (p<.05). In the comparison between both limbs in the mild LLD condition, the step time and swing phase of the short limb significantly increased compared with the long limb, while step length, stance phase, and single support phase of the long limb significantly increased compared with the short limb (p<.05). Additionally, trunk acceleration of all directions (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, vertical) significantly increased in the mild LLD condition (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that mild LLD causes altered and asymmetrical gait patterns and affects the trunk, resulting in inefficient gait. Therefore, mild LLD should not be overlooked and requires adequate treatment.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare GRF characteristics during walking wearing jogging and roller shoes. Twelve male middle school students (age: $15.0{\pm}0.0\;yrs$, height: $173.6{\pm}5.0\;cm$, weight: $587.6{\pm}89.3\;N$) who have no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the subjects. Kinematic data from six S-VHS camcorders(Panasonic AG456, 60 fields/s) and GRF data from two force platform; (AMII OR6-5) were collected while subjects walked wearing roller and jogging shoes in random order at a speed of 1.1 m/s. An event sync unit with a bright LED light was used to synchronize the video and GRF recordings. GRF data were filtered using a 20 Hz low pass Butterworth. digital filter and further normalized to the subject's body weight. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants and four phases were identified from the recording. Temporal parameters, GRFs, displacement of center of pressure (DCP), and loading and decay rates were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, paired t-test was performed to test if significant difference existed between shoe conditions (p <.05). Vertical GRFs at heel contact increased and braking forces at the end of initial double limb stance reduced significantly when going from jogging shoe to roller shoe condition. Robbins and Waked (1997) reported that balance and vertical GRF are closely related It seems that the ankle and knee joints are locked in an awkward fashion at the heel contact to compensate for the imbalance. The DCP in the antero-posterior direction for the roller shoe condition was significantly less than the corresponding value for the jogging shoe condition. Because the subjects tried to keep their upper body weight in front of the hip to prevent falling backward, the DCP for the roller shoe condition was restricted The results indicate that walking with roller shoes had little effect on temporal parameters, and loading and decay rates. It seems that there are differences in GRF characteristics between roller shoe and jogging shoe conditions. The differences in GRF pattern may be caused primarily by the altered position of ankle, knee, and center of mass throughout the walking cycle. Future studies should examine muscle activation patterns and joint kinematics during walking with roller shoes.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 롤러 신발과 조깅 신발 착용 후 보행 시 운동학적 변인에 대하여 비교 분석 하는데 있다. 이를 위해 하지 근골격계에 이상이 없는 중학생 8명을 피험자로 선정하여 3차원 동작 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 활보장, 인체무게 중심변위 및 선속도, 관절각 및 각속도에서 집단 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 특히 롤러 집단의 경우 지지 시 발목 관절각이 증가하고 무릎각의 각속도가 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 이는 롤러 신발의 경우 장착된 휠에 의해 지지 시 적절한 배측굴곡이 이루지지 못하고, 불안정성을 극복하기 위해 무릎의 과도한 굴곡이 나타난 것으로 사료되어 진다. 이러한 운동학적 변인의 차이는 롤러 신발 보행 시 정상 패턴과는 다른 불안정한 보행 동작을 유발시키고 이러한 동작이 지속적으로 이루어진다면 하지 근골격계에 변화를 유발시켜 부상 유발의 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 토대로 향후 보다 안정성 높은 롤러 신발을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.1221-1234
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• 2013

본 연구는 중력댐 하부에서, 침투류에 의한 양압력과 누수량을 산정을 위한 방법론 제시를 그 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여, 유한차분법을 이용한 3차원 부정류 수치모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 모형은 비균질 매체에서 Darcy 방정식을 만족하는 포화흐름을 모의할 수 있다. 모형의 검증을 위하여 우물이 있는 대수층에서 질량 이동을 산출하였고, mass balance 오차는 3%를 상회하지 않는 것이 확인되었다. 개발된 모형을 이용하여 중력댐 하부 대수층에서, 차수벽과 배수공의 존재에 의한 양압력과 누수량의 변화를 산출하였다. 유선망 방법과 비교한 양압력은 서로 유사한 결과를 나타내었으며, heel에서 toe까지의 양압력은 선형적인 분포를 보인다. 차수벽의 길이가 증가함에 따라서 heel에서의 양압력 강도는 선형적으로 감소하지만, 대수층을 통과하는 누수량은 비선형적으로 감소한다. 또한, 댐 설계 기준에서 제시되는 양압력 계산 공식의 계수들을 분석한 결과, 감소계수 ${\alpha}=1/3$ 은 차수벽의 길이가 전체 대수층 높이의 약70%일 경우에 해당하는 값으로 산출되었다. 배수공 주위에서 양압력은 연직 혹은 수평방향으로 급격한 곡률을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서 개발된 수치모형은 중력댐 설계에서 하부 침투류에 의한 영향, 특히 비균질성을 반영하여 양압력과 누수량을 평가하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in gait parameters and symmetry between walking speed by using the Froude number and preferred walking speed. Method: Fifty adults (age: $21.0{\pm}1.7years$, body weight: $71.0{\pm}9.2kg$, height: $1.75{\pm}0.07m$, leg length: $0.89{\pm}0.05m$) participated in this study. Leg length-applied walking speed was calculated by using the Froude number, defined as Fr = ${\upsilon}^2$/gL, where v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the leg length. Video data were collected by using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualysis, Sweden) and the Qualisys Track Manager software (Qualisys, Sweden), with a 200-Hz sampling frequency during two-speed walking (preferred walking speed [PS] and leg length-applied walking speed [LS]) on a treadmill (Instrumented Treadmill, Bertec, USA). The step length, stride length, support percentage, cadence, lower joint angle, range of motion (ROM), and symmetry index were then calculated by using the Matlab R2009a software. Results: Step and stride lengths were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The right single-support percentage was greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip joint angle at heel contact and toe-off were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip and knee joint ROM were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that increased walking speed had a significant effect on step length, stride length, support percentage, and lower joint ROM.