• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 2017

The second article of 'Effects of heat treatment on the nutritional quality of milk,' titled 'Destruction of microorganisms in milk by heat treatment' and authored by Dr. Seong Kwan Cha, who worked at the Korea Food Research Institute, covers the heat-stable microorganisms that exist in milk after pasteurization. The article focusses on the microbiological quality of raw milk and market milk following heat treatment, and is divided into four sub-topics: microbiological quality of raw milk, survey and measurement of microorganisms killed in raw milk, effect on psychrophilic and mesophilic microorganisms, and effect of heat treatment methods on thermoduric microorganisms. Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. are sporeforming gram-positive organisms commonly found in soil, vegetables, grains, and raw and pasteurized milk that can survive most food processing methods. Since spores cannot be inactivated by LTLT (low temperature long time) or HTST (high temperature short time) milk pasteurization methods, they are often responsible for food poisoning. However, UHT (ultra high temperature) processing completely kills the spores in raw milk by heating it to temperatures above $130^{\circ}C$ for a few seconds, and thus, the UHT method is popularly used for milk processing worldwide.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.122-126
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• 2013

Recently, heat-resistant aluminum alloy has been re-focused as a downsizing materials for the internal combustion engines. Heat-resistant Al alloy development and many researches are still ongoing for the purpose of improving thermal stability, high-temperature mechanical strength and fatigue properties. The conventional principle of heat-resistant Al alloy is the precipitation of intermetallic compounds by adding a variety of elements is generally used to improve the mechanical properties of Al alloys. Heat resistant aluminum alloys have been produced by CrW homogeneous solid solution to overcome the limit of conventional heat resistant aluminum alloy. From EPMA, it is found that CrW homogeneous soild solution phases with the size of $50-100{\mu}m$ have been dispersed uniformly, and there is no reaction between aluminum and CrW alloy. In addition, after maintaining at high temperature of 573 K, there is no growth of hardening phase, nor desolved, but CrW still exists as a homogeneous solid solution.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.147-166
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• 2020

Industrial cooling towers are often ageing infrastructure that is expensive to maintain and operate. A novel approach is introduced in which a heat pump circuit is incorporated to reduce the load upon the towers by extracting low-grade energy from the stream sent to the towers and repurposing in on-site processing operations. To demonstrate the concept, a model was constructed, which uses industrial data on cooling towers linked to a smelter's sulphuric acid plant, to allow direct economic and environmental impact comparison between different heat recovery and repurposing scenarios. The model's results showed that implementing a heat pump system would significantly decrease annual operating costs and achieve a payback period of 3 years. In addition, overall CO₂ emissions could be reduced by 42% (430,000 kg/year) and a 5% heat load reduction on the cooling towers achieved. The concept is significant as the outcomes introduce a new way for energy intensive industrial sectors, such as mineral processing, to reduce energy consumption and improve long-term sustainable performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2022

Among the various factors that cause the performance decrease of heat exchangers used in many industries, flow path blocking is one of the important and serious factor. In order to solve this problem, proper maintenance and management of the heat exchanger is important and emphasized. In this study, we developed and algorithm that can quantitatively determine and diagnose the normal and blocked areas of fin-tube heat exchanger using pattern analysis, Gaussian Edge Detection, Image Processing and Affine Transformation techniques. The developed algorithms was applied to the actual heat exchanger and the performance was evaluated by comparing with the manual results. From these results, it was proved that the developed algorithm is effective in evaluating the pollution ratio of the fin-tube heat exchanger.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.195-201
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• 2016

The effects of Mg addition on heat treatment and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were investigated. With increased amounts of Mg addition to A356 alloy, the grain size decreased and eutectic Si was refined. And, this process can improve the mechanical properties. Solid solution heat treatment causes the spheroidizing of eutectic Si. In this study, although eutectic Si was refined with Mg addition, solid solution time increased from 2 hours to 6 hours with Mg addition, and aging time also increased, from 4 hours to 8 hours. After heat treatment, Mg2Si remained in a formation of Chinese script. And, Chinese script Mg2Si formed with Mg addition caused a reduction of the elongation of the alloys according to the stress concentration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.898-903
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• 2015

Noroviruses (NoV) are known to cause acute epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Outbreak strains are predominantly genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) in oysters Crassostrea gigas. We investigated the changes in concentration of male specific coliphage (MSC) and NoV under heat treatment of the naturally contaminated oyster, Crassostrea gigas. After heat treatment for 5 min in $85^{\circ}C$, no viable MSC was detected. The concentrations of GI and GII NoV decreased by 1.65 log and 2.25 log, respectively, following heat treatment for 5 min at $100^{\circ}C$. Moreover, both GI and GII NoV were completely deactivated by heat treatment for 10 min at $100^{\circ}C$. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of norovirus infection from contaminated oysters, immersion in boiling water for at least 10 min is recommended.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1237-1243
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• 2001

This paper presents an information about the heat transfer characteristics of impinging jet in eletronic equipment with infrared image processing unit. There have been many experimental investigations and theoretical studies on impinging jet because of application in a wide variety of industrial process including electronic equipment. In this study, we used infrared image processing unit to visualize heat transfer characteristics of impinging jet in eletronic equipment. Infrared image processing unit is one of non-contact temperature measuring methods and it is possible to minimize flow resistance and this measurement is comparatively accurate. The main parameters are distance between nozz1e and heat source. Reynolds number is 6000.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2019

In this study, high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were prepared by removing the unreacted metal constituents and amorphous carbon impurities using a post-annealing process. Unlike conventional thermal processing techniques, this technique involved different gas atmospheres for efficient removal of impurities. A heat treatment was conducted in the presence of chlorine, oxygen, and chlorine + oxygen gases. The nanotubes demonstrated the best characteristics, when the heat treatment was conducted in the presence of a mixture of chlorine and oxygen gases. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet absorbance, and sheet resistance measurements showed that the heat treatment process efficiently removed the unreacted metal and amorphous carbon impurities from the as-synthesized SWCNTs. The high-purity SWCNTs exhibited improved electrical conductivities. Such high-purity SWCNTs can be used in various carbon composites for improving the sensitivity of gas sensors.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2007

The effect of heat treatment and acid leaching of siliceous mudstone on the purity of silica precursors, such as sodium silicate and silicic acid, was studied. As well as the temperatures for the heat treatment of siliceous mudstone, the concentrations of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid were varied to achieve the highest content of silicon in the precursors while minimizing energy and chemical consumption. It was found that the optimum conditions were achieved at the heat treatment temperature of $600^{\circ}C$ and hydrochloric acid of 1.56 M. The relative concentrations of silicon in the synthesized sodium silicate and silicic acid were as high as 99.2 and 99.5%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 2016

Pyro-process of solids is the way to heat solid materials under high temperature. In this processing, energy efficient use is one of the main concerns due to its high energy consumption of bulk materials. To calculate the energy use of processes, heat & mass balance in simplified 0-dimensional model was performed. Energy calculation by this simplified model can lead to confusion due to simplification. Thus, it is necessary to understand considerations of energy analysis. In this study, cement manufacturing as a very common example of pyro-processing of solids, was introduced for explaining considerations of energy analysis for energy efficient use.