• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the optimum extraction conditions for Ishige okamurai by comparing the yields, total phenolic compound content (TPC), and antioxidant properties of its 95%, 70%, 50% fermented ethyl alcohol and water extracts. Additionally, the effects of heat and pH treatments on the antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by their TPC and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging capabilities. The yields of the extracts were greatest in the order of water > 50% > 70% > 95% fermented ethyl alcohol, and the TPC of the 70% (26.18%) and 50% fermented ethyl alcohol (27.56%) extracts were higher than those of the others. However, in terms of DPPH radical scavenging and ferrous-reducing power, the 70% fermented ethyl alcohol extract of Ishige okamurai showed the highest antioxidant effects. Additionally, in the results for the heat and pH treatments, the antioxidant properties of the 70% fermented ethyl alcohol extract were not influenced by the treatment conditions except at pH 10.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the growth inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes by mycelial culture broth of Paecilomyces japonica in the Mulberry leaf extract. The growth inhibition effect of P. japonica mycelial culture broth against P. acnes in various concentration of Mulberry leaf extract was the most effective in 3% Mulberry leaf extract. The inhibition effect of P. japonica mycelial culture broth against P. acnes according to the culture time was the moust effective after 25 days mycelial cultivation. As the treating amount of the mycelial culture broth was increased, the growth inhibition effect against P. acnes was increased gradually. The growth inhibition effect of mycelial culture broth against P. acnes according to the time of heat treatment was active by 45min at $100^{\circ}C$, while it was inactive more than 60min at $100^{\circ}C$. This result suggested that the antibacterial materials are possible to be glycoside or peptides. Taken together P. japonica mycelial culture in the Mulbarry leaf extract has a possibility to be an element of skin-care cosmetics regulating the acnes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.470-475
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• 2007

Antibacterial activities of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) extract were examined against spoilage bacteria isolated from commercial tofu and various pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 21541. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 11806, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802, and Aeromonas hydrophila KCTC 2358. Four kinds of spore forming organisms were isolated from commercial tofu and identified as Bacillus sp. KN-4, Bacillus sp. KN-6, Bacillus sp. KN-10 and Bacillus sp. KN-20 using API CHB kit. The SBG extract showed high antibacterial activities and significantly inhibited the growth of the isolated spoilage bacteria and pathogens. The inhibitory effects against the organisms increased as the concentration of the SBG extract increased. The antimicrobial activities of the SBG extract were maintained markedly after heat treatments $(80^{\circ}C/30\;min,\;100^{\circ}C/30\;min\;and\;121^{\circ}C/15min)$. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the SBG extract against the organisms ranged from 1,000 ppm to 5,000 ppm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1026-1034
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• 2016

To develop a natural antimicrobial agent, we investigated the antimicrobial activities of 13 species of edible herbal plant extracts against major Gram-positive foodborne bacteria. Among the 13 screened edible herbal plants, Caesalpinia sappan L. showed the highest antimicrobial activity. In the paper disc agar diffusion assay, Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts had strong antibacterial activities against most Gram-positive bacteria but did not have antibacterial activities against most Gram-negative bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the ethanol extract were 0.06 mg/mL against Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes and 0.03 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Their inhibitory activities were not reduced by heat treatment or pH adjustment against C. difficile, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus. Antimicrobial activities were higher in ethanol extract than in distilled water extract. These results support the potential use of Caesalpinia sappan L. ethanol extract as an antimicrobial agent or functional food components against Gram-positive bacteria.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2006

Preservation stability of the extract from dried green tea produced in Jeju, extracted at $55^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and bottled in PET container after filtration and then settled at $4^{\circ}C$, indoor at room temperature and outdoor, respectively, was estimated. Color L-value was almost constant but color of the extract became darkened during storage, especially in indoor storage. Main catechins of green tea extract were (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, (+)-catechin, epicatechin gallate in order, and the content of epigallocatechin was 53.8%. Nevertheless total catechin content was not changed in cold storage, and $4.7\sim10%$ of total catechins were reduced in outdoor or indoor storage after 14 weeks. Caffeine content were increased but total polyphenols were not changed largely during storage. Election donating abilities (EDA) showed more than 60% without influence of storage conditions and periods. Nitrite scavenging abilities (NSA) showed more than 90% at pH 1.2, but those were decreased gradually as pH increased, and then disappeared at pH 6.0. Color, polyphenols, antioxidant activities of extract were not so changed for more than 3 months. Microbial growth was not shown during same periods, due to heat treatment of the extracts at $95^{\circ}C$ for 10 min.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 1998

In order to develop antimicrobial substances, many kinds of medicinal herbs were extracted with absolute ethanol and then antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms were investigated. Ethanol extract from cinnamon bark showed the strongest antimicrobial activity on the growth of almost all submitted microorganisms. Specially, molds such as Aspergillus sp. and Pencillium sp. were inhibited strongly. Therefore, the crude antimicrobial substance from the ethanol extract was fractionated with various solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl alcohol and then their antimicrobial activities were tested. Among the various solvent fractions from the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction was the best in antimicrobial activity especially against molds. There were no significant changes in antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane fraction by heat treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min or $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and by the change of pH 4.0~10.0. We could get the results that the n-hexane fraction of cinnamon bark extract showed not only antimutagenicity but also no mutagenicity by Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2009

Herba Artemisiae Capillaris is the dried bud of Artemisia capillaris Thunb, which has been used for expelling heat to loosen the bowels and normalizing gallbladder function to cure jaundice in traditional oriental medicines. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extracts of Herba Artemisiae Capillaris (HAC) in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Cells were treated with $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ of LPS 1 h before adding HAC extract. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, and the relative level of NO was measured with Griess reagent. TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 cytokines were detected by ELISA. During the entire experimental period, all three doses of HAC extract (0.03, 0.10 and 0.30 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity. LPS-activated cells showed increased NO levels and iNOS expressions compared to control. However, these increases were dramatically attenuated by treatment with HAC extract. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of HAC extract occurred in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, HAC extract reduced the translocation of $NF{\kappa}B$ into nuclear. HAC reduced production of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS, although it had no effects on TNF-$\alpha$. These results demonstrate that liquiritigenin exerts anti-inflammatory effects, which results from the inhibition of $NF{\kappa}B$ activation in macrophages, thereby decreasing production of iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results indicate that the aqueous extracts of Herba Artemisiae Capillaris warrant further development as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.689-695
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• 2007

Antioxidative activity and polyphenol contents of heated licorice in Korea extracted by ethyl.acetate (EtOAc) and ethyl.alcohol (EtOH) were evaluated at various heating temperatures (110, 120, 130, 140, and $150^{\circ}C$), times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr), and moisture contents (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%). Maximum extraction yields of EtOAc extract was 10.9% at $130^{\circ}C$, 3 hr, and 50% moisture content and that of EtOH extract was 25.0% at $120^{\circ}C$, 2 hr, and 20% moisture content, whereas those of control were 0.8 and 15.8%, respectively. The highest total polyphenol content was 845.67 mg/100 g in EtOH extract at $120^{\circ}C$, 2 hr, and 20% moisture content (control: 277.00 mg/100 g). The antioxidative activity ($IC_{50}$) was the highest value of 0.53 mg/mL in EtOAc extract at $120^{\circ}C$, 2 hr, and 20% moisture content (control: 12.34 mg/mL). The highest ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activity value of 1,584 mg ascorbic acid (AA) eq was obtained from EtOAc extract at $120^{\circ}C$, 2hr, and 40% moisture content (control: 1,263 mg AA eq). Optimum heating conditions for the improvement of antioxidative activity of licorice in Korea was $120^{\circ}C$, 2 hr, and $20{\sim}40%$ moisture content.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.266-275
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• 1994

Brewer's yeast extract can be used as a good substrate for the culture of Lentinula edodes Mycelia(LEM). We found that it was better to filter the extract through three kinds of sieves and then to heat for hydrolysis and concentration at $90^{\circ}C$ prior to use. Also the maximum condition for the growth of LEM was investigated. We found that addition of inorganic salts such as calcium enhanced the growth of LEM. On the other hand, addition of carbon and nitrogen sources to the medium did not affect, and even inhibited under certain conditions, the growth of LEM. The maximum temperature for the growth of LEM was around $25^{\circ}C$. Also, it grows better when agitated by shaking at 100 rpm for airration. The appropriate concentration of the extract to use was 10%. Under these conditions, LEM could reach to the confluency after cultivation of 12 days. Our extract formula seems better than other available media for LEM growth, producing higher crude protein content and better taste.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2009

This study was designed to investigate the effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten) extracts on the intestinal bacteria, antioxidative activity and angiotensin -I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity. The antimicrobial activities were measured using the 96well-plate method and disc plate method with concentration of 20mg of cactus extract. The stem extract of cactus was inhibitory against Eubacterium limosum, Clostridium perfringens, C. butyricum, C. difficile and Staphylococcus aureus, but was not inhibitory against Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilis, Streptococcus thermophilus. The fruit extract of cactus showed no inhibition against Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilis, and Streptococcus thermophilis. Their inhibitory activities were not reduced after heat and pH treatment. Antioxidative effects of cactus extracts showed high total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and high activity against free radical DPPH. The stem and fruit extract of cactus showed strong ACE inhibitory activities of 88.8% and 69.2%, respectively. In conclusion cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten) extract might be utilized as a functional food material to control intestinal microflora.