• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.1358-1363
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• 2004

The objective of this work is to propose calibration facility in which a thin film type heat flux sensor can be calibrated under convective flow condition by using a small wind tunnel with the constant temperature plate condition. A small wind tunnel has been built to produce a boundary layer shear flow above a constant temperature copper plate. 12-independent copper blocks, thin film heaters, insulators and temperature controllers were used to keep the temperature of flat plate constant at a specified temperature. Three commercial thin film-type heat flux sensors were tested. Convective calibrations of these gages were performed over the available heat flux range of $1.4{\sim}2.5kW/m^2$. The uncertainty in the heat flux measurements in the convective-type heat flux calibration facility was ${\pm}2.07%$. Non-dimensional sensitivity is proposed to compare the sensitivity calibrated by manufacturer and that of experiment conducted in this study.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.2189-2195
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• 1992

The performance of heat exchanger as an energy conversion device can be described by the available energy output and efficiency. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of the available energy output and the exergy of the heat source flow. In present study, a counterflow heat exchanger is analyzed and the conditions to obtain maximum output is numerically determined. As a result, the avilable energy obtained by the cold flow can be determined as functions of the heat capacity flow, the cold flow inlet temperature and the heat transfer capacity of heat exchanger. At the maximum output condition the heat capacity flow of the cold fluid is larger than that of the heat source, and the heat capacity flow ratio is equal to the ratio of the cold flow inlet temperature and the atmospheric temperature. And the avilable energy output increases as the heat transfer capacity of the heat exchanger become larger, but in the economic point of view there is also an optimum heat transfer capacity for a given heat source flow.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.53-60
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• 2011

The effect of exhaust heat recovery system can be evaluated by two well known method. First method is to measure the time duration from engine start under cold coolant temperature till coolant get warmed. By this methodology coolant warming duration can be index of warm-up effect. Second method is to analyze heat balance of the engine during warm-up phase under steady engine operation so that wasted energy by losses such as cooling and exhaust can be index of warm-up effect. This study focused on evaluation of warming-up effect by both methodology above mentioned using 2L SI engine under from idle to 2000rpm steady condition. Results, idle operation showed low heat recovery efficiency but under higher engine speed condition, remarkable heat recovery efficiency improvement was observed. In 2000rpm steady condition, warm-up duration of engine is decreased by exhaust heat recovery system.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.161-167
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• 2009

The liquid solar air conditioning system is introduced as an alternative solution to control air condition and to save electrical energy consumption. The heat and mass transfer performances of dehumidifier/regenerator in liquid solar air conditioning system are influenced by air and desiccant condition. The application of this system, the thermal energy from the sun and inlet air are unable to control, but operation parameter of other components such as pump, fan and sensible cooling unit are able to control. The equilibrium point of heat and mass transfer are the liquid desiccant and inlet air conditions, where, the heat and mass are not transferred between the liquid desiccant and vapor air. By knowing equilibrium point of heat and mass transfer, the suitable optimal desiccant conditions for certain air condition are funded. This present experiment study is investigated the equilibrium point heat and mass transfer in various air and desiccant temperature. The benefit of equilibrium point heat and mass transfer will be helpful in choose and design proper component to optimize electrical energy consumption.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.194-204
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface hardness of composite resins according to heat treatment. storage condition and storage time. In this study. two kinds of composite resin inlays and one kind of conventional posterior composite resin were used as experimental materials. One hundred eighty composite resin specimens were constructed from composite resin inlays and conventional posterior composite resin. The conditions of this study were heat treatment. storage condition and storage time. Hardness readings were taken from the top surface of each samples using the Vickers microhardness tester(MHT-l. Matsuzawa. Japan}. The following results from this study were obtained: 1. Regardless of storage condition. both composite resin inlay and conventional posterior composite resin have a higher surface hardness under heat treatment than not. 2. Composite resins with heat treatment have a higher surface hardness under dry storage than under water immersion. 3. In case of Clearfil Photo Posterior and Brilliant Enamel with heat treatment. there was no significant difference with time. but Clearfil CR Inlay with heat treatment. there was statistical difference after 24 hours. 4. Surface hardness of composite resins with coarse hybrid type was higher than that of composite resin with fine hybrid type.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.1 s.27
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• pp.245-256
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• 1989

Translational movement along an arch wire requires sufficient force to overcome frictional forces between bracket and arch wire. The orthodontist must appreciate the importance of friction in this process, and study out the influencing factors on the level of friction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of artificial saliva on frictional resistances generated between the bracket and arch wire. Independent variables of this study were arch wire material, angulation and environment. Static frictional forces of cobalt-chromium, heat-treated cobalt-chromium, beta-titanium, stainless steel wires were measured under non-angulated dry, angulated dry, non-angulated saliva, angulated saliva conditions. The results were as follows: 1. Stainless steel wires showed lower friction values in non-angulated dry condition, and heat-treated cobalt-chromium wires showed higher friction values in angulated dry condition. Higher friction values were showed in order of cobalt-chromium. stainless steel, heat-treated cobalt-chromium and beta-titanium wires in non-angulated saliva condition. and were showed in order of stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, heat-treated cobalt-chromium, beta-titanium wires in angulated saliva condition. 2. Angulation increased friction for stainless steel wires under dry condition. 3. Artificial saliva decreased friction for cobalt-chromium wires and increased friction for stainless steel wires under non-angulated condition. 4. Artificial saliva decreased friction for all wires except beta-titanium wires under angulated condition. 5. Regardless of angulation or environment. heat-treated cobalt-chromium and beta-titanium wires showed higher friction values, and stainless steel wires showed lower friction values.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

The heat transfer analysis applying finite element method has been carried out. Particularly, the convection boundary condition associated with the mixed boundary condition is numerically formulated by the Galerkin method analogous to the magnetic field problem. Also, the coupled electromagnet-thermal field analysis by the proposed heat transfer coefficient computation algorithm is executed to enhance the accuracy of solutions. Finally, the validity of the proposed results is verified by comparison with the measured ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

This is an experimental study on the performance characteristics of effective heat pump in the cooling mode using a single-stage compression $CO_2$ cycle with an IHX(internal heat exchanger). The performance of a single-stage compression with IHX was investigated according to charge amount and operating condition. Moreover, the performance characteristic of cooling operating was analyzed with the length of IHX. As a result, the optimum refrigerant charge amount was 2.2 kg. The optimal system COP for compressor frequency of 30, 40, 50, and 60 Hz was 3.493, 3.228, 2.978, and 2.659, respectively. Since the system with IHX can maintain large cooling capacity regardless of operating condition, the system performance doesn't reduce considerably under unfavorable condition. When the compressor frequency was 40 Hz, the COP for a system with IHX length of 3 m and 5 m was 3.361 and 3.51, respectively. By using the IHX into a $CO_2$ cooling system, the performance and reliability improves simultaneously.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.226-232
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• 2005

Contact material is widely used in the field of electrical parts. Ag-CdO material has a good wear resistance and stable contact resistance. In order to establish optimizing heat treatment condition, rolling temperature and oxidation process, we studied the microstructure of Ag-CdO material with various conditions. The experimental procedure were melting using high frequency induction, heat treatment, rolling and internal oxidation. And we experimented on difference process, Post-oxidaion. In this study, we obtained the optimizing heat treatment condition was $700^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. and the optimizing rolling temperature was $730^{\circ}C$. In investigation of the microstructure of oxidized material, coarse oxide and depleted oxidation layer existed. The hardness was average Hv 70. When we used Post-oxidation, oxides were finer than prior process and depleted oxidation layer did not exist. The hardness of Post-oxidation material was average Hv 80. And the optimizing rolling temperature was $800^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2002

Performance of the heat pump with attaching an air heat exchanger was investigated in the heating condition when the air heat exchanger was worked in the ambient air temperature of -5 to 11$\^{C}$ and air flow rate of 542 to 747 ㎡/h. Performance tests for heating condition were conducted in an experimental room equipped with heat pump. The performance tests were performed in a ambient temperature of -4 ∼ 11$\^{C}$, and room temperature of 4∼22$\^{C}$ respectively. Measured data(temperature, capacity of heat transfer and consumption of electronic power) were analyzed to the efficiency of HEEVA(Heat Exchanger fur the Evaporator), overall heat transfer coefficient and COP of heat pump. The results of inlet temperature for evaporator increased that the temperature was 2 ∼6$\^{C}$, and inlet temperature for condenser decreased that the temperature was 3 ∼ 8$\^{C}$. The results of comparing efficiency of HEEVA for the ratio of heat exchange between hot air and cold air showed that efficiency were considered to 91% because of the ratio of 83∼98%. The results of comparing of COP for the heat pump increased that improvement COP was approximately 0.3∼7.5 than HEEVA had not been operated.