• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-98
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• 1994

According to the original documents, Sagungsan is considered as an effective drug for controlling the hypertensive epistaxis induced by tension of autonomic nerve and it's hyperfunction. The present experiment was designed to understand the effect of Sagungsan extract on the hemostatic action, intracranial pressure, blood pressure and cardiovascular system in experimental animals. And thus the bleeding time, prothrombin time, capillary dilation, blood pressure, Intracranial pressure, and enzymatic analysis of the ATPase activities were studied. The result obtained here were as followings: 1. Sagungsan water extract reduced the bleeding time in mouse, and prolonged the prothrombin time in rabbits. 2. The drug extract increased the tail volume by capillary dilation in rats. 3. The drug extract inhibited the increase of intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure in rabbits. 4. At the early time, the increase of arterial blood pressure by the drug extract significantly inhibited by pretreated atropin and regitine in rabbits. 5. The drug extract relaxed the smooth muscle by stimulating the Mg2+-Ca2+-ATPase activities of gastric sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit stomach. 6. The drug extract stimulated the heart contraction by inhibiting the $Mg^{2+}-Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ activities of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit heart. The inhibitory mechanism was reversible and noncompatitive. 7. The drug extract increased the hepatic blood volume by stimulating the hepatic total ATPase activities and hepatic metabolism. 8. The drug extract acted as a tranquilizer by inhibiting the neural Na+-K+-ATPase activity. According to the results, Sagungsan water extract dilated the capillaries, stimulated the heart beat, and thus increased the blood flow with decreasing the intracranial pressure and blood pressure. These effects stanches the epistaxis collectively.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.12
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2018

Recent advances in ICT technology have transformed many of our daily lives and attracted a lot of attention to personal health. Heart beat measurement that reflects cardiac activities has been used in various fields such as exercise evaluation and psychological state evaluation for a long time, but its utilization method is limited due to its differentiation from clinical electrocardiogram. Therefore, in this study, we could observe the change of the measured signal according to the change of the distance and the position of the measuring electrodes which are non-standard electrode configuration. Based on the electric dipole model of the heart, correlation with clinical electrocardiogram could be confirmed by synthesizing multiple surface potentials measured with a shorter electrode distance than standard one. From the electromagnetic point of view, the distance between the measuring electrodes corresponds to the distance that the electric potential by the cardiac electric dipole moves, and the electric potential measured at the body surface is proportional to the moving distance of the electric potential. Therefore, it is preferable to make the distance between electrodes as long as possible, and to position the measuring electrode close to the ventricle rather than the atrium. In addition, it was found that standard electrocardiographic waveforms could be synthesized by using arithmetic sum of multiple measuring electrodes due to the relationship of electrical dipole vectors, which is obtained by dividing and positioning a plurality of measuring electrodes on a reference electrode line, such as Lead-I, Lead-II direction. Also, we obtained a significant Pearson correlation coefficient ($r=0.9113{\pm}0.0169$) as a result of synthetic experiments on four subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.17
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• pp.137-148
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• 1991

The use of bark cloth, made of the inner bark of certain trees, was widespread along tropical zones from the Africa to the Hawaii encompassing the globe. They include Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Polynesian Islands and South America. Among them the Hawaiian bark cloth, named Kapa(pronounced as tapa) was rated as the best quality and most admired. It has variety in designs and colors as well as the most sophistcated production methods. The distinct processes of kapa making are composed of two stages. The first is called first beating and it is a preparatory stage to beat the sea-water soaked bast. It was done with a round beater on a stone anvil. The second beating process was carried out with the squared beater and wooden anvil. The strips from the first beating was soaked again in the water and then beaten lightly to break up fibers. The craftmen laid a bundle of strips over the anvil and beat it into pieces of kapa. The second beater of Hawaii was the most characteristic one among bark cloth producing countries. On their surfaces were the engraved patterns, which were creation of theirs. These distinguished designs enabled them to produce the kapa with the thinner and finer texture and an elaboration of impressed designs known as "watermaks". The Hawaiian culture was self-sufficient one : Everything they used was of their own creation until 19th century. Among their inventions of printing designs on kapa are three most important and distinguished processes. They are the overlaying, the cord snapping and the block printing techniques. Their inventiveness as well as self sufficient environment made it possible to develop their fine art of the kapa making. It is said that the mass producing and cheap western technology of loom forced them to gradually abandon their traditional art and as a result this fine and valuable legacy of Hawaiian traditional kapa making technique is all but disappeared. However it is encouraging and heart warming to find that some of the people as well as specialized researchers pined together to form a group to try to reproduce the old kapa and study the traditional art. They consider the kapa as an expression of the ethnic identity with Hawaii's heritage as well as valuable art of human history.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.327-332
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• 2016

Sting (Gordon Sumner) is a British musician and singer-songwriter. He was the principal songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band 'The Police' from 1977 to 1984, before launching a solo career in 1985. With his stylish and sophisticated sensibility and musical spectra, he achieved 100 million album sales. In this thesis, after he disbanded the group THE POLICE, his career as a solo artist with his wide variety of musical colors has been acknowledged for his reputation over more than 30 years. Therefore, I analyze 'Sting' of music included in 'Straight To My Heart' and 'Be Still My Beating Heart' in. Songs in indicate that the drum part the tunes that there is in a record doesn't break away from the basic way of music. The role of the whole rhythm division through the various percussions or can see a synthesizer than the role as the cord musical instrument that there are lots of tunes placing a great deal of weight on the role as the rhythmic musical instrument more. The unique instrument-based rhythm of the early Sting and role dispensation create a unique sound that is quite different from what the musician subsequently recorded. The feature and rhythmic characteristic, which is the arrangement that appeared outstandingly in this record, I am trying to explain about the way in which I lead the basic flow of the tune through the rhythm division of the other musical instruments which I split that is, the drum beat and break away from a rhythm from the divided general way and include a percussion.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess appropriate time to convert intramuscular progesterone support to oral administration for luteal phase support in in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: Seventy-six cycles of IVF in which fetal heart beat was identified after treatment were included. Patients underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with GnRH agonist long protocol (n=7) or GnRH antagonist protocol (n=66). Cryopreserved embryo transfer was performed in three cycles. Luteal support was initiated by daily intramuscular injection of progesterone, and after confirmation of fetal heart beat, converted to oral micronized progesterone (Utrogestan, Laboratoires Besins International, France) 300 mg daily before or after 8 gestational weeks. The oral progesterone was continued for 11 weeks. Results: Overall clinical abortion rate was 3.9% (3/76) and mean time to conversion was $8^{+4}$ gestational weeks ($46{\pm}5.8$ days after oocytes retrieval). The abortion rate was 5.6% (1/17) and 3.4% (2/59) in patients with conversion before 7 weeks and after 8 weeks, respectively, which were not statistically significant (p=0.678). The miscarriages were occurred at $9^{+4}$ weeks, $11^{+3}$ weeks and $11^{+4}$ weeks. Conclusion: Sequential luteal support using intramuscular and oral progesterone yields a relatively low clinical abortion rate. If fetal heart beat confirmed, sequential regimen appears to be safe and convenient method to reduce patients' discomfort induced by multiple injections.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 2012

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single oral dose toxicity) of Armeniacae Semen (AS), a medicinal herb used for treating constipation and various respiratory diseases, in rats. Methods : In order to observe the $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, AS aqueous extracts were orally administered once to female and male Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight). The mortality, changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of AS extracts, and the organ weights and histopathological findings of principle organs were observed after sacrifice. Results : After single oral treatment of AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, all (5/5; 100%) female and male rats died within 30 minutes after treatment, while no mortalities were observed in the female and male rats treated with 500 mg/kg of AS extract. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ in female and male rats was calculated as 741.95 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, salivation, increases of respiration and heart-beat were observed after AS extract treatment, which were observed in all rats including the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study. In addition, lung congestion was visible in all mortal rats with AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that AS extract ranges in Class III, because the $LD_{50}$ and ALD in both female and male rats were calculated as 741.95 mg/kg and 500~1,000 mg/kg, respectively. However, AS extract should be carefully treated at clinical applications, because salivation, increase of respiration and heart-beat were also observed in the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

We propose a system that automatically recognizes the tense or relaxed condition of scrolling-shooting game subject that plays. Existing study compares the changed values of source of stimulation to the player by suggesting the source, and thus involves limitation in automatic classification. This study applies SOM of unsupervised learning for automatic classification and recognition of player's condition change. Application of SOM for automatic recognition of tense and relaxed condition is composed of two steps. First, ECG measurement and analysis, is to extract characteristic vector through HRV analysis by measuring ECG after having the player play the game. Secondly, SOM learning and recognition, is to classify and recognize the tense and relaxed conditions of player through SOM learning of the input vectors of heart beat signals that the characteristic extracted. Experiment results are divided into three groups. The first is HRV frequency change and the second the SOM learning results of heart beat signal. The third is the analysis of match rate to identify SOM learning performance. As a result of matching the LF/HF ratio of HRV frequency analysis to the distance of winner neuron of SOM based on 1.5, a match rate of 72% performance in average was shown.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen consumption measurements were performed on 15 middle school boys (age: mean 14.0, range: $13{\sim}16$ years) and 14 high school boys (age: mean 17.4, range: $16{\sim}19$ years). General body build was greater in the high school boys and absolute values of body height, body weight, skinfold thicknesses, maximal oxygen uptake, and maximal pulmonary ventilation followed the same trend. Considered on the basis of body build, however, the values of high school boys were not always greater than those of middle school boys. The following results were obtained. 1. Maximal oxygen consumption in middle school boys was 2.11 l/min., 53.7ml/kg b. weight, 13.9 ml/cm body height, and 63.7 ml/kg LBM. In high school boys the values were: 2.86 l/min., 52.7 ml/kg b.wt., 17.5 ml/cm b. height, and 57.9 ml/kg LBM. Thus, middle school boys were superior to high school boys on body weight and lean body mass basis. They were also superior to the European boys of the same age. 2. The ratio of maximal oxygen uptake to resting value was 9.7 in middle school boys, and 10.8 in high school boys. 3. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in middle school boys was 58.0 l/min., and 84.0 l/min. in high school boys. The ratio of maximal ventilation to resting value was the same as oxygen uptake, namely, 9.7 in middle school boys and 10.7 in high school boys. 4. Ventilation equivalent in middle school boys was 27.5 and 29.3 in high school boys. These values represent values of untrained male subjects. 5. Maximal heart rate in high school boys reached to 193 beat/min. and is 2.9 times that of resting heart rate. 6. Maximal oxygen pulse in high school boys was 16.6 ml/beat and was same as that of untrained subject. 7. Correlation between body weight and maximal oxygen consumption in middle school boys was r=0.570, and r=0.162 in high school boys. Correlation between lean body mass in middle school boys was r=0.499, and r=0.158 in high school boys. Interrelation between body weight and maximal pulmonary ventilation was poor. 8. The differences between trained and untrained subjects were discussed.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2010

Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) refers to a fall in systolic blood pressure (BP) of 20 mmHg or more, or in diastolic BP of 10 mm Hg or more within 3 minutes of standing up. The head-up tilt test (HUT) is the most useful, but potentially invasive test for the diagnosis of OH. The purpose of this study was to identify the usefulness of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS). Methods: Ninety one patients with orthostatic intolerance, in whom the HUT data were available, were included in the study. Patients were classified into HUT-positive (group I) and HUT-negative (group II) group. Twenty five healthy volunteers served as normal controls, and were designated as group III. In all subjects, beat-to-beat BP and heart rate were recorded using BeatScope 1.1a. We collected the 50 sBRS data in each patient in a supine position. The average value of one to ten of 50 sBRS data was defined as sBRS10, one to twenty as sBRS20, one to thirty as sBRS 30, one to forty as sBRS 40, and one to fifty as sBRS 50. Differences in sBRS10 and sBRS50 levels were statistically analyzed and compared between groups I, II, and III. Results: No significant difference in the sBRS50 level was found between Groups II and III. sBRS50 was significantly lower in Group I than in Groups II and III (p<0.05), and the same pattern of differences was observed for sBRS40, sBRS30, sBRS20, and sBRS10. Conclusions: Patients with OH showed significantly lower sBRS levels than HUT-negative patients or normal controls. Our study implies that a supine-position sBRS would provide additional diagnostic information for OH.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.485-493
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• 2007

Purpose: Heart rate variability(HRV) is the clinical consequence of various influences of the autonomic nervous system(ANS) on heart beat. HRV can estimate the potential physiologic rhythm from the interval between consecutive beats(RR interval or HRV data). It is known as RSA which represents respiration-related HR rhythmic oscillation. Previous studies demonstrated a specific breathing pattern(0.1Hz, 6breaths/min) to improve a physiological body condition related to the stress. In this paper, the level of stress would be evaluated in terms of three phases of the dental treatment, combined with 6breaths/min. Methods: These phases include before, during and after tooth extraction or anesthesia or something.36 patients' stresses were assessed using HRV stress analyzer in each phase in Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, and Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center from Jun. to Sept. of 2007. HRV 5-min data collected were analyzed in time-domain and frequency-domain to evaluate the activity of autonomic nervous system(ANS) which represents the level of stress. Results: All HRV parameters including HF(high frequency), LF(low frequency) and LF/HF ratio showned a significant change affecting the ANS balance. There was a 6.4% difference between R(LF/HF)s on general breathing pattern for balance of Autonomic nervous system, but on controlled breathing pattern, 0.1Hz, was made narrow till 1.4%. The activity of ANS has increased by 1.4% on general breathing pattern, and by 2.9% on controlled breathing pattern, 0.1Hz. Conclusion: After analysis of preoperative stress changes and effect of breathing pattern of 0.1 Hz on the stress in 36 patients who have undergone third molar extraction, following was concluded. In the preoperative stage, the sympathetic change was the greatest?after the?anesthetic injection, and stress was relieved by controlling the breathing pattern to a frequency of 0.1Hz.