• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.80-98
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• 1994

According to the original documents, Sagungsan is considered as an effective drug for controlling the hypertensive epistaxis induced by tension of autonomic nerve and it's hyperfunction. The present experiment was designed to understand the effect of Sagungsan extract on the hemostatic action, intracranial pressure, blood pressure and cardiovascular system in experimental animals. And thus the bleeding time, prothrombin time, capillary dilation, blood pressure, Intracranial pressure, and enzymatic analysis of the ATPase activities were studied. The result obtained here were as followings: 1. Sagungsan water extract reduced the bleeding time in mouse, and prolonged the prothrombin time in rabbits. 2. The drug extract increased the tail volume by capillary dilation in rats. 3. The drug extract inhibited the increase of intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure in rabbits. 4. At the early time, the increase of arterial blood pressure by the drug extract significantly inhibited by pretreated atropin and regitine in rabbits. 5. The drug extract relaxed the smooth muscle by stimulating the Mg2+-Ca2+-ATPase activities of gastric sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit stomach. 6. The drug extract stimulated the heart contraction by inhibiting the $Mg^{2+}-Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ activities of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit heart. The inhibitory mechanism was reversible and noncompatitive. 7. The drug extract increased the hepatic blood volume by stimulating the hepatic total ATPase activities and hepatic metabolism. 8. The drug extract acted as a tranquilizer by inhibiting the neural Na+-K+-ATPase activity. According to the results, Sagungsan water extract dilated the capillaries, stimulated the heart beat, and thus increased the blood flow with decreasing the intracranial pressure and blood pressure. These effects stanches the epistaxis collectively.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제67권12호
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2018

Recent advances in ICT technology have transformed many of our daily lives and attracted a lot of attention to personal health. Heart beat measurement that reflects cardiac activities has been used in various fields such as exercise evaluation and psychological state evaluation for a long time, but its utilization method is limited due to its differentiation from clinical electrocardiogram. Therefore, in this study, we could observe the change of the measured signal according to the change of the distance and the position of the measuring electrodes which are non-standard electrode configuration. Based on the electric dipole model of the heart, correlation with clinical electrocardiogram could be confirmed by synthesizing multiple surface potentials measured with a shorter electrode distance than standard one. From the electromagnetic point of view, the distance between the measuring electrodes corresponds to the distance that the electric potential by the cardiac electric dipole moves, and the electric potential measured at the body surface is proportional to the moving distance of the electric potential. Therefore, it is preferable to make the distance between electrodes as long as possible, and to position the measuring electrode close to the ventricle rather than the atrium. In addition, it was found that standard electrocardiographic waveforms could be synthesized by using arithmetic sum of multiple measuring electrodes due to the relationship of electrical dipole vectors, which is obtained by dividing and positioning a plurality of measuring electrodes on a reference electrode line, such as Lead-I, Lead-II direction. Also, we obtained a significant Pearson correlation coefficient ($r=0.9113{\pm}0.0169$) as a result of synthetic experiments on four subjects.

• 복식
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• 제17권
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• pp.137-148
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• 1991

The use of bark cloth, made of the inner bark of certain trees, was widespread along tropical zones from the Africa to the Hawaii encompassing the globe. They include Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Polynesian Islands and South America. Among them the Hawaiian bark cloth, named Kapa(pronounced as tapa) was rated as the best quality and most admired. It has variety in designs and colors as well as the most sophistcated production methods. The distinct processes of kapa making are composed of two stages. The first is called first beating and it is a preparatory stage to beat the sea-water soaked bast. It was done with a round beater on a stone anvil. The second beating process was carried out with the squared beater and wooden anvil. The strips from the first beating was soaked again in the water and then beaten lightly to break up fibers. The craftmen laid a bundle of strips over the anvil and beat it into pieces of kapa. The second beater of Hawaii was the most characteristic one among bark cloth producing countries. On their surfaces were the engraved patterns, which were creation of theirs. These distinguished designs enabled them to produce the kapa with the thinner and finer texture and an elaboration of impressed designs known as "watermaks". The Hawaiian culture was self-sufficient one : Everything they used was of their own creation until 19th century. Among their inventions of printing designs on kapa are three most important and distinguished processes. They are the overlaying, the cord snapping and the block printing techniques. Their inventiveness as well as self sufficient environment made it possible to develop their fine art of the kapa making. It is said that the mass producing and cheap western technology of loom forced them to gradually abandon their traditional art and as a result this fine and valuable legacy of Hawaiian traditional kapa making technique is all but disappeared. However it is encouraging and heart warming to find that some of the people as well as specialized researchers pined together to form a group to try to reproduce the old kapa and study the traditional art. They consider the kapa as an expression of the ethnic identity with Hawaii's heritage as well as valuable art of human history.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2016

스팅은 1985년 첫 솔로앨범인 를 필두로 세련된 감각과 폭넓은 음악적 스펙트럼을 선보이며 1억 장 이상의 앨범 판매고를 올린 영국을 대표하는 아티스트다. 본 논문에서는 스팅이 솔로 아티스트로서 폴리스 해체 이 후 30년이 넘도록 다양하고 폭넓은 자신만의 음악적 색채를 인정받는데 큰 발판이 되었던 음반에 수록되어 있는 곡들 중 'Straight To My Heart'와 'Be Still My Beating Heart'의 리듬 편곡에 대해 중점적으로 분석 할 것이다. 음반에 있는 곡들은 전체적으로 드럼파트는 기본적인 연주를 벗어나지 않고 전체적인 리듬분할의 역할을 여러 가지 퍼커션을 통해 하거나 신디사이저를 코드악기로서의 역할보다는 리듬악기로서의 역할에 더 비중을 둔 곡들이 많은 것을 볼 수 있다. 솔로 초기 스팅 만의 독특한 악기별 리듬구성과 역할배분은 다른 뮤지션들의 음반과는 사뭇 다른 그 만의 독특한 사운드를 창출해낸다. 이에 본 논문에서는 이 시기의 음반에 두드러지게 나타난 편곡적인 특징과 리듬적 특성, 즉 드럼비트를 쪼개서 리듬을 분할하는 통상적인 방식에서 벗어나 퍼커션을 포함한 다른 악기들의 리듬분할을 통해 곡의 기본적인 흐름을 이끌어가는 방법에 대해 설명 하고자 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

목 적: 체외수정시술 시 황체기 보강은 근주, 경질, 경구 등의 다양한 방법으로 이루어지고 있는데, 경구 투여법은 환자의 순응도가 높고 비교적 안전한 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 황체기 보강을 근주로 시작하여 경구 투여로 전환하는 방법의 효용성과 전환 시기에 따른 결과를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 2003년 9월부터 2009년 6월까지 분당서울대학교병원에서 체외수정시술을 시행받은 환자에서 배아 이식 후 태아 심박동까지 확인된 76주기를 대상으로 하였다. 과배란유도는 GnRH agonist long protocol (n=7) 또는 GnRH antagonist protocol (n=66)을 이용하였으며 3주기에서는 냉동배아 이식을 시행하였다. 황체기 보강을 위하여 난자 채취일부터 매일 progest in oil 50 mg을 근주하였고, 태아 심박동이 확인된 후 임신 6~7주 (n=17) 또는 8주 이후 (n=59)에 micronized progesterone (Utrogestan, Laboratoires Besins International, France) 300 mg을 매일 경구로 투여하였다. 결 과: 대상군 전체의 유산율은 3.9% (3/76)이었으며, 경구 투여 전환시의 임신 주수는 평균 8주 4일 (난자 채취일로부터 $46{\pm}5.8$일)이었다. 황체기 보강을 임신 6~7주 사이에 경구 투여로 전환한 17주기 중에서 1례의 자연유산이 확인되었으며 유산 시 주수는 9주 4일이었다. 8주 이후에 경구 투여로 전환한 59주기 중에서는 2례의 자연유산이 확인되었으며 (11주 3일, 11주 4일), 두 군의 자연유산율은 각각 5.6%와 3.4%로 두 군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다 (p=0.678). 결 론: 체외수정시술 후 황체기 보강을 시행하는 경우 태아 심박동이 확인된 이후에 근주 투여를 경구 투여로 전환하는 방법은 비교적 낮은 유산율을 보임을 확인하였으며, 특히 8주 이전에 전환하는 것도 유용한 방법이라 사료된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.145-159
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• 2012

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single oral dose toxicity) of Armeniacae Semen (AS), a medicinal herb used for treating constipation and various respiratory diseases, in rats. Methods : In order to observe the $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, AS aqueous extracts were orally administered once to female and male Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight). The mortality, changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of AS extracts, and the organ weights and histopathological findings of principle organs were observed after sacrifice. Results : After single oral treatment of AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, all (5/5; 100%) female and male rats died within 30 minutes after treatment, while no mortalities were observed in the female and male rats treated with 500 mg/kg of AS extract. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ in female and male rats was calculated as 741.95 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, salivation, increases of respiration and heart-beat were observed after AS extract treatment, which were observed in all rats including the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study. In addition, lung congestion was visible in all mortal rats with AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that AS extract ranges in Class III, because the $LD_{50}$ and ALD in both female and male rats were calculated as 741.95 mg/kg and 500~1,000 mg/kg, respectively. However, AS extract should be carefully treated at clinical applications, because salivation, increase of respiration and heart-beat were also observed in the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 비행슈팅게임을 플레이하는 피험자의 긴장 또는 이완상태를 자동으로 인식하는 시스템을 제안한다. 기존 연구에서는 피험자에게 자극원을 제시하여 나타난 변화 값을 비교하기 때문에 자동으로 분류하는데 한계가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 피험자의 상태 변화를 자동으로 분류하여 인식할 수 있도록 비지도학습의 SOM을 적용한다. 긴장과 이완상태의 자동인식을 위한 SOM의 적용은 두 가지 단계로 구성된다. 첫 번째 단계는 ECG측정 및 분석으로 피험자에게 게임을 플레이하게 한 후 ECG를 측정하여 HRV 분석으로 특징벡터를 추출한다. 두 번째 단계는 SOM 학습 및 인식으로 특징이 추출된 심박신호의 입력벡터들을 SOM으로 학습하여 피험자의 긴장과 이완상태를 분류하여 인식 한다. 실험 결과는 세 가지로 나누어진다. 첫 번째, HRV의 주파수변화와 두 번째 심박신호의 SOM 학습결과를 나타냈다. 세 번째 단계는 SOM학습의 성능을 알기 위해서 매칭율을 분석했다. HRV의 주파수분석의 LF/HF 비율을 1.5 기준으로 SOM의 승자뉴런 거리와 매칭한 결과 평균 72%의 매칭율을 보였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen consumption measurements were performed on 15 middle school boys (age: mean 14.0, range: $13{\sim}16$ years) and 14 high school boys (age: mean 17.4, range: $16{\sim}19$ years). General body build was greater in the high school boys and absolute values of body height, body weight, skinfold thicknesses, maximal oxygen uptake, and maximal pulmonary ventilation followed the same trend. Considered on the basis of body build, however, the values of high school boys were not always greater than those of middle school boys. The following results were obtained. 1. Maximal oxygen consumption in middle school boys was 2.11 l/min., 53.7ml/kg b. weight, 13.9 ml/cm body height, and 63.7 ml/kg LBM. In high school boys the values were: 2.86 l/min., 52.7 ml/kg b.wt., 17.5 ml/cm b. height, and 57.9 ml/kg LBM. Thus, middle school boys were superior to high school boys on body weight and lean body mass basis. They were also superior to the European boys of the same age. 2. The ratio of maximal oxygen uptake to resting value was 9.7 in middle school boys, and 10.8 in high school boys. 3. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in middle school boys was 58.0 l/min., and 84.0 l/min. in high school boys. The ratio of maximal ventilation to resting value was the same as oxygen uptake, namely, 9.7 in middle school boys and 10.7 in high school boys. 4. Ventilation equivalent in middle school boys was 27.5 and 29.3 in high school boys. These values represent values of untrained male subjects. 5. Maximal heart rate in high school boys reached to 193 beat/min. and is 2.9 times that of resting heart rate. 6. Maximal oxygen pulse in high school boys was 16.6 ml/beat and was same as that of untrained subject. 7. Correlation between body weight and maximal oxygen consumption in middle school boys was r=0.570, and r=0.162 in high school boys. Correlation between lean body mass in middle school boys was r=0.499, and r=0.158 in high school boys. Interrelation between body weight and maximal pulmonary ventilation was poor. 8. The differences between trained and untrained subjects were discussed.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2010

Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) refers to a fall in systolic blood pressure (BP) of 20 mmHg or more, or in diastolic BP of 10 mm Hg or more within 3 minutes of standing up. The head-up tilt test (HUT) is the most useful, but potentially invasive test for the diagnosis of OH. The purpose of this study was to identify the usefulness of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS). Methods: Ninety one patients with orthostatic intolerance, in whom the HUT data were available, were included in the study. Patients were classified into HUT-positive (group I) and HUT-negative (group II) group. Twenty five healthy volunteers served as normal controls, and were designated as group III. In all subjects, beat-to-beat BP and heart rate were recorded using BeatScope 1.1a. We collected the 50 sBRS data in each patient in a supine position. The average value of one to ten of 50 sBRS data was defined as sBRS10, one to twenty as sBRS20, one to thirty as sBRS 30, one to forty as sBRS 40, and one to fifty as sBRS 50. Differences in sBRS10 and sBRS50 levels were statistically analyzed and compared between groups I, II, and III. Results: No significant difference in the sBRS50 level was found between Groups II and III. sBRS50 was significantly lower in Group I than in Groups II and III (p<0.05), and the same pattern of differences was observed for sBRS40, sBRS30, sBRS20, and sBRS10. Conclusions: Patients with OH showed significantly lower sBRS levels than HUT-negative patients or normal controls. Our study implies that a supine-position sBRS would provide additional diagnostic information for OH.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2007

Purpose: Heart rate variability(HRV) is the clinical consequence of various influences of the autonomic nervous system(ANS) on heart beat. HRV can estimate the potential physiologic rhythm from the interval between consecutive beats(RR interval or HRV data). It is known as RSA which represents respiration-related HR rhythmic oscillation. Previous studies demonstrated a specific breathing pattern(0.1Hz, 6breaths/min) to improve a physiological body condition related to the stress. In this paper, the level of stress would be evaluated in terms of three phases of the dental treatment, combined with 6breaths/min. Methods: These phases include before, during and after tooth extraction or anesthesia or something.36 patients' stresses were assessed using HRV stress analyzer in each phase in Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, and Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center from Jun. to Sept. of 2007. HRV 5-min data collected were analyzed in time-domain and frequency-domain to evaluate the activity of autonomic nervous system(ANS) which represents the level of stress. Results: All HRV parameters including HF(high frequency), LF(low frequency) and LF/HF ratio showned a significant change affecting the ANS balance. There was a 6.4% difference between R(LF/HF)s on general breathing pattern for balance of Autonomic nervous system, but on controlled breathing pattern, 0.1Hz, was made narrow till 1.4%. The activity of ANS has increased by 1.4% on general breathing pattern, and by 2.9% on controlled breathing pattern, 0.1Hz. Conclusion: After analysis of preoperative stress changes and effect of breathing pattern of 0.1 Hz on the stress in 36 patients who have undergone third molar extraction, following was concluded. In the preoperative stage, the sympathetic change was the greatest?after the?anesthetic injection, and stress was relieved by controlling the breathing pattern to a frequency of 0.1Hz.