• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.84-94
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the health care management status of preschoolers depending on the children's characteristics. Methods: The sample of this study were 212 mothers of preschoolers attending Child Care Centers in three cities, Seoul, Daejon, and Suwon, in Korea. A self administered questionnaire developed by investigators was used to collect data from September 15 to October 31, 2002. Data was analyzed with SPSS 11.5 Win program. Results: 5.7% of the children had not completed their vaccination programs. Children who were second or later birth order showed less complete vaccination rates than firstborn babies. Children who had working mothers showed less complete vaccination rates than those whose mothers did not work. Among the various vaccinations, the DPT and MMR booster vaccination rates were the lowest. Home safety scores were higher when mothers have younger children. higher monthly incomes and reside in apartment type houses. Forty one(41%) of the preschoolers experienced accidents, and the accident rate was higher in boys and children with easy temperament. The most frequently experienced accident was laceration. Twenty eight point eight percent(28.8%) of the children experienced hospitalization because of various diseases. Most of the mothers perceived their children healthy. However, children who were second or third born were perceived less as healthy. Children in families with less monthly income were perceived as less healthy. Conclusions: This study provided basic data about preschoolers' health care management status focusing on vaccinations and accident rates. More attention should be paid to preschoolers' health and safety. Related factors found in this study should be considered when providing anticipatory guidance for parents.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.113-126
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• 2018

This study aims to develop the content structure of healthy dietary education for multicultural family parents who guides their children to the correct and desirable applications at home. This study is an exploratory study intended to establish the contents of healthy dietary education for multicultural family parents. For the methodology we investigated dietary behaviors of children of multicultural families. As a result of examining closely the necessity and contents of healthy dietary education for the multicultural families parents including food safety, nutrition, and food culture. Based upon the above findings, the goals of healthy dietary education for parents were set up, its content area and sub-area(education topics) were composed and fixed, and finally, topic-specific goals and 12 content elements were extracted, detailed and systematized for pre schoolers and elementary school children.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.61-74
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• 1997

This study is a descriptive study which was done to examine the circumstances surrounding burn accidents in children in order to develop a burn prevention program. The subjects for the study were the mothers of 107 children admitted to two burn specialty hospitals in seoul and the mothers of 172 healthy children attending day care or kindergarten. The tool used in the study was developed by the researchers, pretested and refined. Cronbach's alpha was 0.72. Data collection was done between November 1995 and April 1996. Statistically analysis was done using SAS Version 6.04 and the data was analyzed using test, chi square, regression and logistic analysis. A suumary of the results shows the following : Eighty percent of the children in both groups lived in nuclear families but comparatively more of the children with burn accidents lived in apartments. More of the parents in the group of healthy children had university education and held white collar or professional jobs, while the parents of the children with burn accidents were slightly younger than the parents of the healthy children. but not significantly younger. A significantly greater number of families of children with burn accidents had more than one child and the characteristics of the children with burn accidents that they were more frequently boys, either first or last born and very active. Most of the burn accidents occurred in fall or winter. sometime between noon and midnight and the majority occurred in the home and were caused by hot liquid. In 86% of the cases emergency care was not given at home but the child was brought to the hospital emergency unit. Most of the burns were second degree or greater. involved the arms or legs. required admission, and 41.5% occurred when the parents were preparing or eating meals. In a test of knowledge of preventive measures, the mothers of children who had suffered burn accidents scored slightly higher than the mothers who had no experience with burn accidents, but this was not statistically significant. As to what to do in the case of a fire, the mothers of the healthy children had more knowledge about who to notify. but 70% of the mothers in both groups did not know how to escape from the house if it was of fire. 80 to 96% did not know what do to in case of a fire, such as rolling if clothes were on fire. 80% did not know what emergency care to give for a burn, and 74 to 87% did not know when it is appropriate to try to put out a fire. It can be concluded from this study that. since the results show that the most frequent situation which resulted in burn accidents was when the parents were not aware of the danger of burns or were not paying attention to the child. and when there were no protective devices to prevent burns. and that accidents most frequently occurred at home. the most effective way of preventing accidents is to develop in the parents a "safety mind", Since burn accidents in children are usually more severe than in adults. the physical. emotional. psychological and social damage is greater. In order to develop and awareness of this in the general public. the use of mass media. books and pamphlets and other educational media that provide education on prevention of burn accidents need to be utilized.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Mindfulness-based concentration qigong for children (MBCQ-C) in healthy children with subjective poor attention. Methods : This study examined the effects of MBCQ-C on healthy children with subjective poor attention, who vistied Korean medicine hospital neuropsychiatry outpatient clinic. The MBCQ-C was practiced with 11 participants, 2 of them quit in the middle of the program, and hence, they were excluded for data analysis. MBCQ-C consisted of 8 sessions, and each session took about 60 minutes. The outcome measurement was Frankfurter Aufmerksamkeits-Inventar (FAIR), which measured selective attention, self-control and sustained attention. Results : The results of this study showed that selective attention, and sustained attention were significantly improved. Self-control also improved, but without any statistical significance. These results indicate MBCQ-C was effective for the improvement of attention abilities, but self-control, including upper cognition area needs more consistent exercise. Conclusions : The MBCQ-C consisting of 8 sessions were shown to be an effective intervention in improving the attention abilities of healthy children with subjective poor attention.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.106-116
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• 2019

Objectives: This study examined the status of children's favorite foods intake and the relationship with the policy environment based on the Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life for suggesting a supportive policy strategy. Methods: The subjects were 4th grade students (n=1,638) in elementary school from 45 schools collected from seven areas (Seoul, Daegu, Daejeon, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, and Gyeongnam). The children participated in a self-administered questionnaire survey in class under the supervision of the teacher. The questionnaire consisted of items, such as social demographic characteristics, frequency of intake of the children's favorite foods, and policy cognition. A t-test and ANOVA were applied to explore the relationship between the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy cognition. The survey was implemented from August 2016 to September 2016. Results: For the boys, the frequency of 'high-calorie low nutrient foods intake' (HCLN) was significantly higher than that of the girls (p<0.01). For the children who received information on their favorite foods from the internet, the frequency of HCLN was higher than the other sources (p<0.01). The time of TV viewing and computer usage, and smartphone usage was associated with a higher frequency of HCLN, and a lower healthy favorite food intake (all p<0.001). The intake frequency of healthy favorite foods indicated a positive correlation with the policy cognition, including policy perception, usefulness, necessity and buying intention, and educational experience. Conclusions: This study showed a correlation with the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy. In particular, the frequency of children's healthy favorite foods intake indicated a meaningful relationship with the policy than the frequency of HCLN. This study also found that the consumption of children's healthy favorite foods was positively correlated with the educational experience. To develop a supportive policy for a good dietary environment for children, there is a need to focus on how to collaborate with multiple levels of influences, such as the national level, school level, and family.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.517-524
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There are limited studies investigating the eating patterns of children's favorite foods. The present study aimed to evaluate a wide range of children's favorite foods, derive its eating patterns, and identify factors related to the patterns. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional study included 5,458 students in elementary, middle, and high schools. The survey was conducted at each school to evaluate children's favorite food intake, including the intake frequency of 31 food items or food groups, and its related factors, such as demographic, economic, and environmental characteristics and awareness of policies on children's favorite foods. Factor analysis using varimax rotation method and logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Two factors were derived as major eating patterns from data of children's favorite foods: the 'unhealthy eating pattern' which mainly involves confectionery, chocolate, ramen, fried food, etc.; and the 'healthy eating pattern' which mainly involves soybean milk, vegetables, fruit juice, and nuts. A stepwise selection procedure through the regression analysis revealed that allowance, use of screen media, less awareness of policies on children's favorite foods, and less interest in health were positively related to the tendency of unhealthy or less-healthy eating patterns (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study examined that the eating patterns of children's favorite foods were associated with certain environmental characteristics and awareness about the related policies. These findings suggest that a nutrition education program regarding children's favorite foods needs to be conducted according to the characteristics of students to develop their healthy eating habits and proper choice of favorite foods.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.422-431
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• 2022

Purpose: At the beginning of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic, physicians paid close attention to children with chronic diseases to prevent transmission or a severe course of infection. We aimed to measure the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody levels in children with chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases to analyze the risk factors for infection and its interaction with their primary disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases (n=141) and in healthy children (n=48) between January and February 2021. Results: During the pandemic, 10 patients (7%) and 1 child (2%) had confirmed COVID-19 infection (p=0.2). The SARS-CoV-2 antibody test was positive in 36 patients (25.5%) and 11 children (22.9%) (p=0.7). SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was found in 20.4%, 26.6%, 33.3%, and 33.3% of patients with chronic liver diseases, chronic gastrointestinal tract diseases, cystic fibrosis, and liver transplantation recipients, respectively (p>0.05, patients vs. healthy children). Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity were COVID-19-related symptoms (47.2% vs. 14.2%, p=0.00004) and close contact with SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction-positive patients (69.4% vs. 9%, p<0.00001). The use, number, and type of immunosuppressants and primary diagnosis were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity. The frequency of disease activation/flare was not significant in patients with (8.3%) or without (14.2%) antibody positivity (p=0.35). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children with chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases are similar to that in healthy children. Close follow-up is important to understand the long-term effects of past COVID-19 infection in these children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively explore the associations of socioeconomic status, parenting style, and grit with children's health behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 1,040 parents and their children using data from the 2018 Korean Children's Panel Survey. Socioeconomic status was measured in terms of household income and subjective socioeconomic status. Parenting style and grit and were measured using 62 and 8 items, respectively. Health behaviors were measured by assessing healthy eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Results: Higher household income (β=.07, p=.018) and high maternal levels of an authoritative parenting style (β=.20, p<.001) were associated with higher compliance with healthy eating habits among children. Higher grit was associated with a higher number of weekly physical activity days (β=.08, p=.028) and sedentary behavior for <2 hours (odds ratio [OR]=1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.07) in children. A maternal permissive parenting style was associated with sedentary behavior for >2 hours on weekdays (OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.27-0.69). Conclusion: We suggest that when planning interventions to improve children's health behavior, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that avoids practicing a maternal permissive parenting style, promotes an authoritative parenting style, and incorporates strategies to increase children's grit.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.202-212
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• 2005

Purpose: Transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) is a newly discovered virus and to date the contribution of TTV to liver disease remains unclear. Little is known about the frequency of TTV infection in children in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic distribution of TTV carried by healthy children and patients with hepatitis in Korea. Methods: Eighty eight of healthy children and three groups of patients with hepatitis-14 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 12 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 25 patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology-were tested. TTV DNA was detected by semi-nested PCR using primer sets generated from N-22 region and from 5' noncoding region (NCR) of the viral genome. PCR products derived from 8 patients with hepatitis and from 11 healthy children were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results: TTV was found by PCR with N22 primer in 11.3% of healthy children, 28.5% of children with hepatitis B, 25% of children with hepatitis C, 24% of children with hepatitis of unknown etiology. TTV DNA was found by PCR with 5'NCR primer in 32.9% of healthy children, 71.4% of patients with chronic hepatitis B, in 50% of patients with hepatitis C and in 48% of patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology. TLMV DNA was found in 48.9% of healthy children, 21.4% of patients with hepatitis B, 16.6% of patients with hepatitis C, 40% of patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology. Among the sequenced isolates, 10(52%) belonged to genotype 1 (G1) and others belonged to genotype 2 (G2) or genotype 3 (G3). Among the G1 sequences, 7 were grouped as G1a. Conclusion: TTV infection was common in healthy children and in patients with hepatitis. But, the prevalence of TTV DNA by 5'NCR primer was relatively high in patients with hepatitis B and there may be some association between TTV and hepatitis B virus infection. G1 was the major genotype of the studied population.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2019

Objectives: We aimed to compare preterm, neurodevelopmentally disordered and healthy full-term children. Methods: We enrolled 47 children who were born preterm, 40 neurodevelopmentally disordered children, and 80 healthy children as control participants, in order to assess the cognitive functioning and the risk of behavioral problems at the age of 5. Children were assessed using the Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-4th edition (K-WPPSI-IV), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results: The mean K-WPPSI-IV score of the preterm group was $87.19{\pm}17.36$, which was significantly higher than that of the neurodevelopmental disorder group ($69.98{\pm}28.63$; p<0.001) but lower than that of the control group ($107.74{\pm}14.21$; p<0.001). The cumulative CBCL scores of the preterm children were not significantly different from those of the control group. Additionally, the TCI scores for reward dependence of the preterm children were higher than those of the control group. Conclusion: The cognitive performance of preterm infants was lower than that of healthy full-term infants at the age of 5, and there was an association between slower growth and decreased cognitive ability.