• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.478-484
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• 2018

Objective : Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was the third most common cause of death in South Korea in 2014. Evidence from abroad suggests that comprehensive stroke centers play an important role in improving the mortality rate of stroke. However, surgical treatment for CVD is currently slightly neglected by national policy, and there is still regional imbalance in this regard. For this reason, we conducted a survey on the necessity of, and the requirements for, establishing regional comprehensive cerebrovascular surgery centers (CCVSCs). Methods : This investigation was performed using the questionnaire survey method. The questionnaire was consisted with two sections. The first concerned the respondent's opinion regarding the current status of demand and the regional imbalance of cerebrovascular surgery in South Korea. The second section asked about the requirements for establishing regional CCVSCs. We sent the questionnaire to 100 board members of the Korean Society of Cerebrovascular Surgeons. Results : Most experts agreed that cerebrovascular surgery patients were concentrated in large hospitals in the capital area, and 83.6% of respondents agreed that it was necessary to alleviate the regional imbalance of cerebrovascular surgery. With regards to personnel, over 90% of respondents answered that at least two neuro-vascular surgeons and two neuro-interventionists are necessary to establish a CCVSC. Regarding facilities, almost all respondents stated that each CCVSC would require a neuro-intensive care unit and hybrid operating room. The survey asked the respondents about 13 specific neurovascular surgical procedures and whether they were necessary for a regional CCVSC. In the questions about the necessity of cerebrovascular surgical equipment, all seven pieces of equipment were considered essential by all respondents. A further five pieces of equipment were considered necessary on site: computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, conventional angiography, surgical microscope, and surgical navigation. Our results may provide a basis for future policy regarding treatment of cerebrovascular disease, including surgery. Conclusion : Raising the comprehensiveness of treatment at a regional level would lower the national disease burden. Policies should be drafted regarding comprehensive treatment including surgery for cerebrovascular disease, and related support plans should be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Although the Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrophotometric Direct on Filter(FTIR-DOF) method is a useful analytical technique for quantifying quartz content in respirable dust samples, a number of analytical problems must be taken into consideration such as, to name only a few, inhomogeneous deposition of particles, level of environmental humidity, uneven surface of the filter, and interfering minerals in the sample. This study was designed to select the most suitable wavelength and proper filter material for the method, and to investigate effects of humidity and inhomogeneous deposition of particles on the filter. Samples of respirable dust, created in a dust chamber containing standard material of quartz, were collected using a cyclone equipped with a 25mm filter as a collection medium. The results were as follows; 1. Among seven (7) commercially available filters tested for the FTIR-DOF method, the DM 800 filter showed the best analytical performance having the lowest background absorbance bands and no overlapping peaks at 799, 779, and $695cm^{-1}$. 2. The variations of absorbance due to humidity ranged from 1.0% to 3.3% for $799cm^{-1}$, 1.0% to 3.3% for $779cm^{-1}$, and 8.9%~20.9% for $695cm^{-1}$ peaks, respectively. The $699cm^{-1}$ peak was proved to be most vulnerble to environmental humidity for quantitative analysis of quartz. 3. As for effects of inhomogeneous deposition of samples, the highest variation of absorbance of 10.9% ($13.5{\mu}g$) was observed when using the 695cm-1. The variations of absorbance from the other two peaks, 799 and $779cm^{-1}$, ranged from 1.2 to 3.2%, and 1.4 to 4.1%, respectively. Therefore, the $799cm^{-1}$ peak was considered to be most reliable for quantitative analysis of quartz. The results of this study suggest that, for quantitative analysis of quartz in the respirable dust samples, use of the $799cm^{-1}$ peak can minimize the influence of environmental humidity and inhomogeneous deposition of particles on the filter. The FTIR-DOF method, if adopted for routine analysis of quartz in the respirable dust samples, could save sample preparation time and efforts substantially and also could increase analytical throughputs. Since use of the $799cm^{-1}$ peak is prone to be affected by interferences in the sample, further research on minimizing the effects is needed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.815-829
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• 1997

This study was performed to assist the employer to establish the effective program for hearing conservation of noisy industry. The study subjects were health care managers of an industry and the study industries were devided into two groups(Group I, 37 industries; have the workers diagnosed as noise-induced hearing loss, Group II, 41 industries; not have the workers diagnosed as noise-induced hearing loss) and the question method carried out through the face to face interview. The contents of questionnaire for OSHA's hearing conservation program(HCP) consisted of seven components: 5 questions of monitoring of employee noise exposures(component 1), 6 questions of the institution of engineering, work practice, and administrative controls for excessive noise(component 2), 8 questions of the provision of each overexposed employee with an individually fitted hearing protector with an adequate noise reduction rating(component 3), 14 questions of employee training and education regarding noise hazards and protection measures(component 4), 9 questions of baseline and annual audiometry(component 5), 3 questions of procedures for preventing further occupational hearning loss by an employee whenever such an event has been identified(component 6), and 1 question of recording keeping(component 7), thus total numbers of questions was 46. The numbers of statistially significant difference(p<0.05) between two groups were 2(25.0%) among 8 questions of component 3, 10(71.4%) among 14 questions of component 4, 3(33.3%) among 8 questions of component 5, 2(6.7%) among 3 questions of component 6, and 17(37.0%) among total 46 questions of questionnaire. Above results showed that the level of HCP acceptance in group I was lower than in group II. Thus employer's understanding about HCP should be precede for the effective hearing conservation program of employee and the adequate hearing protector, training and education, baseline and annual audiometry, and procedures for preventing further occupational hearning loss for hearing conservation would be more emphasized.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-56
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• 2021

Objective : The objective of this study was to present the components of frailty by organizing the definitions of frail elderly and analyzing the tools used to screen them. Methods : This study searched for articles at involved frailty screening assessments in the elderly. Databases including CINAHL, Embase, Medline Complete, and PubMed were searched. The search terms were "assess" AND "frailty" AND "screening" AND ("frail elderly" OR "elderly"). Results : A total of 539 articles were identified by the search and 11 articles were selected. Frailty occurs due to the depressed function of multidimensional factors, and a frail elderly person is defined as one at high risk of health degeneration, functional impairment, and occurrence of disability, and having a high level of threat to life. Seven tools were selected from 11 articles. The most frequently used tool was the frailty phenotype, which was used in five articles (45.4%). The identified components of frailty were physical, activity participation, nutrition, psychological, social, overall health, and age. Conclusion : The results confirmed the definition and components of frailty. This study is expected to contribute to the future development of standardized evaluation tools for screening frail elderly individuals and intervention programs for the management of the frail elderly.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.508-513
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• 2009

Pine needles have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in Korea. To investigate the effects of pine (pinus densiflora) needle extracts on blood flow and serum lipid improvement were assessed in vivo. 8 week-old Sprague Dawley strain rats were divided into four groups of seven rats each; CON, 0.5% CHOL, HOT water and Sub-supercritical group. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents were lower in the CON group than the 0.5% CHOL group. Three weeks of feeding hot water and sub-supercritical extract resulted in a decrease in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol level. The level of HDL-cholesterol in the 0.5% CHOL group was significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared to the CON group, but it had a tendency to increase with pine needle extract supplementation. Blood passage time of the pine needle extracts supplemented group was higher than the 0.5% CHOL group. Microscopic observation showed that whole blood passed smoothly through the micro channels in pine needle extracts supplemented groups. The platelet aggregation ability of the groups treated with pine needle extracts was less than that of the 0.5% CHOL group. All these results suggest that pine needle extracts might improve blood homeostasis mediated via antiplatelet activities.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1991

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor(Baxter infusor with patient control module, Baxter health care Co., Deerfield IL 60015 USA: BI $\bar{c}$ PCM) has been developed that will deliver both a continuous drug infusion as well as allow the patient to deliver extra doses of medication on a demand basis under predetermined limitation of analgesics. Patients may also not require as high analgesic dose rate to control pain when the acceptable and tolerable level of pain relief can be maintained by this device. From April l99l, we have used a total l93 units of BI $\bar{c}$ PCM. These units consisting of two components which one made by a balloon reservoir(capacity 65 ml, flow rate 0.5 ml/hr) to store medication and to regulate the pump power(490 torr), and another two PCMs to regulate additional analgesic administration by patients demand at intervals of 1S minutes and 60 minutes. The dose administered to the patient can be varied by changing the concentration of the infusate within the balloon reservoir. These devices were utilized for the pain control of 44 patients. These patients were divided into two groups. Twenty seven cases had cancer pain and 17 cases had non-cancer pain. The Touhy needle(No. l8 G.) tip was inserted into the epidural space and was used to guide the catheter to the spinal nerve level corresponding to the most painful area. The device was connected to the opposite site of the catheter tip and was filled with 60 ml of mixture solution such as 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml, morphine HCl 10 mg, trazodone 10 ml, Tridol 3 ml and normal saline 31 ml were administed as the initial dose. When the initial dose was less effective, the next dose could be varied by increasing the concentration of bupivacaine, by adding more morphine (5~10 mg), and by reducing the volume of normal saline. Using these modules of drug self administration, we experienced the following: 1) Improvement of patient's self titration of analgesic requirement was provided. 2) The patients anxiety with pain recurrence resulting from delays in administering pain control medication was decreased significantly. 3) The working load accompanying with the single bolus injection as the usual method was reduced remarkably. 4) There was urinary retention in 5 cases and pruritus in 4 eases which developed as side effects but respiratory depression and vomiting was not encountered in a single case.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diet composition on serum leptin and lipids profiles in rats. At the baseline, seven 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, male, were sacrificed and the remaining rats were divided into five groups and each group was fed one of the following five dietary regiments for 2 weeks and 6 weeks;the control diet AIN76(CAL, n=2l), high-carbonhydrate(rice)(HCR, n=2l), high-carbohydrate(flour)(HCF, n=2l), high-fat(corn oil)(HFO, n=2l), high-fat(beef tallow)(HFB, n=2l). Serum leptin was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay at the baseline(n=7), 6 week(n=35) and 10 week of age(n=70). At 6 weeks of age, the increase in the Food Efficiency Ratio(FER) was related to adipocyte hyperplasia in rats on HFB diets. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol increased significantly in HFB group, and decreased in HFO group compared to control group. The HFC group showed significant increase in serum triglyceride level compared with control group. After 2 weeks and 6 weeks, noticeably high increases in epididymal adipose tissue fat cell mass and numbers were observed with the HFB fed group. Serum leptin levels increased as body weight increased over the period of time(4weeks; 1.50$\pm$0.13ng/ml versus 10weeks; 2.08$\pm$-.13ng/ml). And this result shows that there are 193% higher in rats fed high fat-beef tallow diet than the control diet. Serum leptin levels of the HFB group(4.01$\pm$0.39mg/ml) were significantly higher than that of the HFO(2.06$\pm$0.5613ng/ml), CAL(2.08$\pm$0.1313ng/ml), HCR(2.41$\pm$0.2113ng/ml) and HCF(2.80$\pm$0.4713ng/ml) at p<0.05. The serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with the amount of epididymal fat pads(r=0.47 p<0.01), serum triglyceride(r=0.49, p<0.001), tatal cholesterol(r=0.48, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol(r=0.58, p<0.001), atherogenic index(r=0.67, p<0.001), and inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.65, p<0.001). In conclusion, the changes in composition of dietary fat and carbohydrate intake could affect changes in concentration of serum lipids and leptin. Especially, the high-fat diet with animal fat source could increase circulating leptin level. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 123-131, 2001)

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.312-321
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• 2010

Seven indicator PCBs (IUPAC nos 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180 congeners) concentrations were measured in food samples including cereal (polished rice), meats, eggs, milk and dairy products, and fisheries and products as representation for the general Korean populations during 2006-2007, and was analyzed using isotopic dilution method. Fishes had the highest average level as 39.8 ng/g, 1.4 ng/g for milk and dairy products, and 0.9 ng/g for meats. The hairtail out of fishes was contaminated at the level of 15.4 ng/g, 5.4 ng/g for pacific mackerel and spanish mackerel, and 4.5 ng/g for yellow croaker. The ratio for indicator PCBs in overall food was contributed as follows; 35.8% for PCB-153, 16.2% for PCB-138, 16.1% for PCB-101, 13.4% for PCB-118, 8.8% for PCB-180, 6.9% for PCB-52, and 2.9% for PCB-28. The hexa-CBs including PCB-153 and 138 were more predominated, and the next was penta-CBs including PCB-101 and 118 in food. For estimated daily intake (EDI) in average and $95^{th}$ percentile, fishes and products out of overall food were taken to represent over 50%. However, it was estimated that there was no adverse health effect for Korean.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.5722-5730
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Maum meditation on anxiety, self-esteem and self-actualization of teachers and this is a one-group pretest-posttest design study. Three times of surveys were carried out for seven nights and eight days including July 25 - August 1, August 1 - 8, 2009 and January 2 - 9, 2010. Before and after Maum meditation, 108 teachers in the faculty training filled out the structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS WIN 12.0. The results showed that there was a significant difference in self-esteem of the teachers between before and after Maum meditation(p=.001). The self-actualization of the teachers was also found to be significant before and after the meditation(p=.002). Maum meditation decreased the teachers' anxiety level and improved considerably the self-esteem and self-actualization level. So it is necessary to develop the self-concept questionnaire that can support the mental health promotion intervention program.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2014

Purpose: Rice bran is a byproduct of the hulling of rice and contains a variety of bioactive components. Various studies have reported on the antioxidative, anticancer, immune-enhancing, and hypocholesterolemic effects of rice bran. However, few studies about the physiological activity of stabilized rice bran supplement on dietary intake of sugars is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilized rice bran supplement on blood glucose in C57BL/6 mice fed a high sucrose diet. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into three groups respectively, and were fed a normal diet (ND group), a high sucrose diet (HSD group) or a high sucrose diet containing 20% stabilized rice bran (HSD-SRB group) for 12 weeks. Results: In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), after seven weeks of feeding on the experimental diets, a significantly lower result was observed for HSD-SRB than for HSD at 30 and 60 minutes after oral administration in glucose solution (2 g/kg body weight). The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. After 12 weeks, fasting blood glucose level of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. No significant difference in the serum insulin level was observed between HSD and HSD-SRB. However, HOMA-IR was significantly decreased in HSD-SRB compared to HSD. In addition, HOMA ${\beta}$-cell was significantly increased in HSD-SRB compared to HSD. Triglyceride in liver of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. Conclusion: Feeding diets containing 20% rice bran improved insulin resistance and insulin secretion by decreasing triglyceride in liver. Thus, rice bran has a positive effect on glycemic control. In addition, the results are expected to be utilized as a basis for human study and development of food products with added rice bran.