• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.339-355
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• 2024

The pulmonary system is a highly complex system that can only be understood by integrating its functional and structural aspects. Hence, in vivo animal models are generally used for pathological studies of pulmonary diseases and the evaluation of inhalation toxicity. However, to reduce the number of animals used in experimentation and with the consideration of animal welfare, alternative methods have been extensively developed. Notably, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have agreed to prohibit animal testing after 2030. Therefore, the latest advances in biotechnology are revolutionizing the approach to developing in vitro inhalation models. For example, lung organ-on-a-chip (OoC) and organoid models have been intensively studied alongside advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic systems. These modeling systems can more precisely imitate the complex biological environment compared to traditional in vivo animal experiments. This review paper addresses multiple aspects of the recent in vitro modeling systems of lung OoC and organoids. It includes discussions on the use of endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts composed of lung alveoli generated from pluripotent stem cells or cancer cells. Moreover, it covers lung air-liquid interface (ALI) systems, transwell membrane materials, and in silico models using artificial intelligence (AI) for the establishment and evaluation of in vitro pulmonary systems.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.335-341
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• 2009

Purpose : The medical imaging issuance is changed from conventional film method to Digital Compact Disk solution because of development on IT technology. However other medical record department's are undergoing identification check through and through whereas medical imaging department cannot afford to do that. So, we examine present applicant's recognition of private intelligence safeguard, and medical imaging issuance condition by CD & DVD medium toward various medical facility and then perform comparative analysis associated with domestic and foreign law & recommendation, lastly suggest standard for medical imaging issuance and process relate with internal environment. Materials and methods : First, we surveyed issuance process & required documents when situation of medical image issuance in the metropolitan medical facility by wire telephone between 2008.6.1$\sim$2008.7.1. in accordance with the medical law Article 21$\sim$clause 2, suggested standard through applicant's required documents occasionally - (1) in the event of oneself $\rightarrow$ verifying identification, (2) in the event of family $\rightarrow$ verifying applicant identification & family relations document (health insurance card, attested copy, and so on), (3) third person or representative $\rightarrow$ verifying applicant identification & letter of attorney & certificate of one's seal impression. Second, also checked required documents of applicant in accordance with upper standard when situation of medical image issuance in Kyung-hee university medical center during 3 month 2008.5.1$\sim$2008.7.31. Third, developed a work process by triangular position of issuance procedure for situation when verifying required documents & management of unpreparedness. Result : Look all over the our manufactured output in the hospital - satisfy the all conditions $\rightarrow$ 4 place(12%), possibly request everyone $\rightarrow$ 4 place(12%), and apply in the clinic section $\rightarrow$ 9 place(27%) that does not medical imaging issuance office, so we don't know about required documents condition. and look into whether meet or not the applicant's required documents on upper 3month survey - satisfy the all conditions $\rightarrow$ 629 case(49%), prepare a one part $\rightarrow$ 416 case(33%), insufficiency of all document $\rightarrow$ 226case(18%). On the authority of upper research result, we are establishing the service model mapping for objective reception when image export situation through triangular position of issuance procedure and reduce of friction with patient and promote the patient convenience. Conclusion : The PACS is classified under medical machinery that mean indicates about higher importance of medical information therefore medical information administrator's who already received professional education & mind, are performer about issuance process only and also have to provide under ID checking process exhaustively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2013

This study examined a technique for cooling root zone aimed at lowering substrate temperature for sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L. 'Orange glory') cultivation in coir substrate hydroponics during hot season, from the $16^{th}$ of July to $15^{th}$ of October in 2012. The root zone cooling technique was applied by using an air duct (${\varnothing}12$ cm, hole size 0.1 mm) to blow cool air between two slabs during night (5p.m. to 3a.m.). Between the $23^{rd}$ of July and $31^{st}$ of August (hot temperature period), average daily substrate temperature was $24.7^{\circ}C$ under the root zone cooling, whereas it was $28.2^{\circ}C$ under condition of no cooling (control). In sunny day (600~700 W $m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), average substrate temperatures during the day (6a.m. to 8p.m.) and night (8p.m. to 6a.m.) were lower about $1.7^{\circ}C$ and $3.3^{\circ}C$, respectively, under the cooling treatment, compared to that of control. The degree of temperature reduction in the substrate was averagely $0.5^{\circ}C$ per hour under the cooling treatment during 6p.m. to 8p.m.; however, there was no decrease in the temperature under the control. The temperature difference between the cooling and control treatments was $1.3^{\circ}C$ and $0.6^{\circ}C$ in the upper and lower part of the slab, respectively. During the hot temperature period, about 32.5% reduction in the substrate temperature was observed under the cooling treatment, compared to the control. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and leaf water potential of plants grown under the cooling treatment were significantly higher than those under the control. The first flowering date in the cooling was faster about 4 days than in the control. Also, the number of fruits was significantly higher than that in the control. No differences in plant height, stem thickness, number of internode, and leaf width were found between the plants grown under the cooling and control, except for the leaf length with a shorter length under the cooling treatment. However, root zone cooling influenced negligibly on eliminating delay in fruiting caused by excessively higher air temperature (> $28^{\circ}C$), although the substrate temperature was reduced by $3^{\circ}C$ to $5.6^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the technique of lowering substrate temperature by using air-duct blow needs to be incorporated into the lowering growing temperature system for growth and fruit set of health paprika.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide base information that can be utilized in surveying the status of landscape management within apartment complexes and grasping the conditions of the soil for planting plants, as a way to improve the quality of green spaces by repairing poorly vegetated spaces within apartment complexes and remodeling them with diverse species of plants. Considering that trees and shrubs of equal sizes are simultaneously planted upon the completion of apartment complexes, they were divided based on their completion year at the interval of 5 years and differences in the growth of trees and the components of soil over time were analyzed. Out of the species of trees planted in all the 9 apartment complexes surveyed in this study, the growth of 4 species of needleleaf trees and 4 species of broadleaf trees were surveyed. Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuka' and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. out of the needleleaf trees and Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte out of the broadleaf trees showed the highest growth rate when over 5 years passed after planting and their growth rate decreased when over 10 years passed. Platycladus orientalis and Acer palmatum Thunb. in the apartment complexes that were built over 10 years ago showed the highest growth rate, which indicates that the species require a relatively long period of time for growth. The hardness of the soil at the areas where trees were planted but their soil surface was bare was analyzed. When over 5 years passed after the completion of apartment complexes, over 20 mm of the soil was found to be stamped. The physicochemical properties of soil were also surveyed and the pH level was found to have been continuously high ever since the completion. The organic content in the surveyed soil was about 1/3 of the content in fertile soil, which means that additional fertilization is required. These results indicate that the stamped soil and the health of soil can be restored, when replanting plants in bare areas, by adding plans to improve soil, such as designing drain ways around the planted areas, transporting soil for the 50 cm depth of the ground and mixing organic matters such as chaff, and simply by planting groundcover plants in the lower part of tress and shrubs.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.72-84
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for the development of forest therapy programs for subfertile women. This exploratory study identifies the emotional characteristics of subfertile women and the demands for forest therapy according to the emotional characteristics and provides basic data for the development and operation of forest therapy programs. This study surveyed 200 subfertile women who visited a subfertility hospital in Seoul on 33 items of subfertile women's emotional characteristics and requirements of forest therapy programs. We conducted the frequency analysis, cross-analysis, and one-way ANOVA to determine the correlation and importance between the emotional characteristics of subfertile women and the demands for forest therapy programs using the SPSS 21.0 program. Emotional traits of subfertile women included pressure on pregnancy, anxiety/fear, depression, hopelessness, helplessness, loneliness, sadness, shame/guilt, impatience/frustration, and anger/hypersensitivity. Of these traits, pressure on pregnancy, depression, hopelessness, helplessness, loneliness, sadness, anger/hypersensitivity, and anxiety/fear were particularly high among subfertile women. The demands for forest therapy programs also differed according to the emotional characteristics of subfertile women. There was a significant difference in the operation mode of the subfertile couple's forest therapy program according to the pressure, shame, and guilt of pregnancy. There was a significant difference in the experience of participating in a program according to anxiety and fear and in the reason for not being able to participate in the forest therapy program according to depression, hopelessness, helplessness, loneliness, and sadness. There was a significant difference in couples participating the in the forest therapy program according to impatience and frustration. There was a significant difference in the experience of participating in the forest therapy program and the effect of self-help groups through the forest therapy program for subfertile women according to anger and hypersensitivity. We expect that the results of this study would be useful as the reference data for developing forest therapy programs for the improvement of the mental health of subfertile women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

The Yellow Sea is extremely important to the economy and to the health and well-being of surrounding countries, Korea and China. Recently, the Yellow Sea is under constantly increasing threat of degradation due to the increase of environmental pollution and over-fishing. The governments of Korea and China have been aware of the importance of the Yellow Sea and reached an Environmental Agreement between Korea and China at the governmental level(November, 1993) According to this environmental agreement the Yellow Sea Environmental Cooperative Research between Korea and China has been undertaken since 1997. The joint cruise had been conducted once a year at 33 stations in the 4 lines of the Yellow Sea where the 9 stations of the D line was newly added in the 7th cruise in 2003. The samples were analyzed by scientists of both countries at the WSFRI, Korea and the OEMNC of the SEPA, China in turn, the annual report has been published every year during 1998-2008. The scientific efforts to fix the cruise time in October and to extend research frequency, as twice a year, should be considered, and this requires the governmental supports such as research funds and other related administrational assistance on both sides. Finally, scientists should also pay a concentrated attention to standardize the analytical methods including quality control and to improve this Yellow Sea research as one of the most representative international projects in the Yellow Sea where sharing additional informations available, if exist of dumping sites and material content, and of the freshwater quality will be of great help to broaden the output of this joint research project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.684-691
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of resistant starch (RS) on the large bowel function and plasma lipids in rats with constipation induced by Loperamide. Animals were divided into six groups: normal control-5% cellulose, constipation-5% cellulose, constipation-5% pectin, constipation-5% RS-type 2 (RS2), constipation-8% RS2 and constipation-5% RS type 3 (RS3) groups, and fed experimental diets for five weeks. The results from RS groups were compared with those from other dietary fiber groups. The groups supplemented with RS3 or high level of RS2 showed significantly increased counts of bifidobacteria in the cecum than the other groups. The production of total short chain fatty acids in the cecal contents was significantly high in pectin, RS3 and high RS2 groups. The pH in the cecal contents of the RS supplemented groups was significantly decreased compared with the cellulose supplemented groups. The production of prostaglandin E2 in the colon mucus of the RS groups was higher than the normal group; however, it was significantly decreased compared to the cellulose or pectin supplemented constipated groups. The thickness of the mucus layer and the production of mucus from epithelial cells were significantly increased in RS3 group compared to the constipated cellulose group. Supplementation of resistant starch significantly elevated the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol and significantly lowered plasma atherogenic index compared with cellulose or pectin supplementation in constipated rats. The results of the present study demonstrated that resistant starch supplementation may help in improving the large bowel environment by stimulation of bifidobacterial proliferation, reduction of pH and inflammation factor and by increased production of mucus. It has also been found that an additional health benefit is improvement in lipid levels of serum.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.234-243
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• 2007

Algal growth potential (AGP) test was performed to evaluate the water quality and changes in phytoplankton communities before and after a heavy rain event at six sampling sites in Cheonggye Stream (St. 1 and 2), Jungnang Stream (St. 3 and 4), and Lower part of Han River System (St. 5 and 6) after rehabilitation of Cheonggye Stream, October 2005. To test AGP on each sampling site, cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa was applied as a standard alga. Total nitrogen (TN) showed high values at Jungnang Stream, while St. 4 recorded highest values in this study. However, TN values of Cheonggye Stream and Lower Part of Han River showed similar levels. Total phosphate (TP) also showed high values at Jungnang Stream, while St. 4 recorded highest. However, TP in Cheonggye Stream were extremely low levels. Although chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (chi-${\alpha}$) contents before the rain event were similar through the sampling sites, chl-${\alpha}$ after the rain increased dramatically at Jungnang Stream and Lower part of Ban River. In particular, after the rain, TP was the highest at St. 4, where Cyclotella sp. dominated the phytoplankton community. When compared with control, AGP values before the rain were comparatively low in all sites, while those after the rain highly increased with the dose-dependently of field water added, due perhaps to the increased nutrients by rainfall. Similar results were observed in Cheonggye Stream. Therefore, for the aesthetic fostering for the citizens, although Cheonggye Stream was Presently being sustained by treated water supply, they have a potential of outbreak of phytoplankton by the increased nutrients supply when a heavy rain comes.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.355-385
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• 2005

As the system of autonomous police that has been debated for long time is fixed to be introduced by the program of participatory government, this treatise intends to analyze main contents and review controversial items in order to present supplementary measures. The program of participatory government to introduce autonomous police in Korea focuses on converting the autonomous police of Korea from centralized police administration in order to provide 'customized security service' that is appropriate to the regional environment. Thus, if relevant city, county or district considers that it is required to introduce the system autonomous police, the assembly may enforce the decision by enacting ordinance. For enforcement, organization in the unit of section will be established in the line of mayor, county headman and district office. The main role will be security service that is closely related to the life of inhabitants such as crime prevention, patrol, traffic crackdown, etc. as well as public health, sanitation and environmental control which are being performed by autonomous organization at present. However some expected controversial items may be summarized in the following 3 points on the premise of accepting the program of government. First, the point at issue related to the basic function of police. The basic function of police is generally understood as order keeping function such as anterior and preventive job and law enforcing function such as posterior and suppressing job. By the way, the program of government does not endow the autonomous police with investigation right for general crime, thereby raising the controversy that our autonomous police is nothing but the assistant of police. Furthermore, the present national police also expresses its dissatisfaction to the transfer of authority. Second, the issue of balance of security service between self-governing bodies may be raised. The security environment is different between self-governing bodies and thus demand of security is different. Therefore, the security service of autonomous police will reveal difference in qualitative aspect for each self-governing body. Moreover, it can be easily anticipated that the quality of security service may be different as per the financial independence degree. Third, the point at issue anticipated with the operation funded by the budget of self-governing body. As autonomous police is operated by the budget of self-governing body, the following problems may be raised; (1) since police administration is subordinated to general administration, the concentration may be weakened (2) the cooperation between policy agencies may be impeded (3) owing to the difficult in possessing spare police, the mobility of police may be somewhat reduced.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.193-200
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• 2000

The object of this study is to investigate the quality change of sweet basil grown with selenium(Se) in hydroponic culture. Sweet basil was cultured with 1 fold herb nutrient solution as suggested by European vegetable R & D Center in Belgium. Before three weeks harvest, sodium selenate(N $a_2$Se $O_4$) was supplied to 2 and 4 mg. $L^{-1}$ in the nutrient solution. Sweet basil was stored at 1$0^{\circ}C$ using 40um ceramic film and PET (polyethylene terephalate) for 15 days in modified atmosphere(MA) storage condition. The weight loss of sweet basil was higher in non-treatment compared to Se treatments in both of two films but it was decreased over 5% in PET treatment. Se concentrations in leaf tissues increased in the response to the treated levels of N $a_2$Se $O_4$concentrations, and this tendency was appeared similar results after storage. There was no significant effect of packing materials on volatilization of Se in sweet basil. The total chlorophyll and essential oil content was increased with increasing N $a_2$Se $O_4$concentration in nutrient solution. The amount of volatilization flavor was not higher at N $a_2$Se $O_4$4mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment compare to others during storage. Se content was 112.73 ug. $g^{-1}$ dry mass at 2 mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment before storage and the decrease of Se content was observed by 50% at 15 days after storage. The condition, which N $a_2$Se $O_4$2mg. $L^{-1}$$^{plement}$ in nutrient solution during growth stage and stored with 40um ceramic film on 1$0^{\circ}C$are acceptable for maintaining of sweet basil quality. Moreover it can be a proper Se concentration for human health. Overall, Se treatment in nutrient solution has effect on promoting and maintaining quality of herb during storage life. Also, there was not significant change of essential oil compounds by volatilization of Se.mpounds by volatilization of Se.